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Biology > Bio test #2 > Flashcards

Bio test #2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is evolution?

A

Evolution is a change in heritable characteristics of a population over successive generations. It doesn’t happen in a minute, it takes several years to happen.

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2
Q

Who was Charles Darwin?

A

English biologist and geologist known for contributions in evolution
He came up with the theory of natural selection

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3
Q

what is Evolution part two?

A

Evolutions occurs when heritable characteristics of a species change

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4
Q

What is a geological time scale?

A

It is the ‘calendar’ for the history of the earth. It describes the timing and relationship of events that have occurred during earth’s history
If the lifespan of the earth was on a clock, humans would come in around 11.59.59 (the last second)

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5
Q

When was the earth formed?

A

It was formed 4.6 billion years ago

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6
Q

When did the earliest forms of life appear on earth?

A

It is thought to have appeared 3.5 billion years ago

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7
Q

What are vestigial Structures

A

Vestigial structures are functionless and reduced remnants of organs that were once present in the ancestor of a species
Examples include human appendix, whale pelvic bone, human wisdom teeth, eyes of a blind cave salamander, pelvic bones of a snake, human tonsils.

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8
Q

Evidence of Evolution

A

Fossils
Vestigial structures
Comparative embryology
Comparative anatomy/homologous structures
DNA comparisons
Biographical distribution

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9
Q

What is biographical distribution?

A

Suggests that closely distributed species share a common lineage
Most modern marsupials are found almost exclusively in Australia
The only exception is flightless birds and this is explained by the continental drift

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10
Q

What is comparative anatomy/homologous structures

A

Anatomical features similar in basic structure despite being used in different ways

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11
Q

What is Selective breeding?

A

Identify wanted feature and only breed animal/plant that was that feature
Examples include:
- Wheat
- Rice
- Dogs

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12
Q

What are GMOs?

A

Genetically modified organisms, and animal, plant, or microbe, whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

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13
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Over generations, favorable variations increase, each new generation will contain more offspring from individuals with the favorable variation than those with unfavorable ones, changing the population over time.

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14
Q

What causes natural selection?

A
  • Overproduction of offspring
  • Populations produce more offspring than the environment can support
  • Genetic variation in a population
    — At least two sources of a variation
  • Selective pressure which causes a struggle for existence (competition)
    — Limited food, water, territory, mates, etc (resources)
    — Change in environment
    — Predators
  • Differential survival and reproduction
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15
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms into groups?

A

Easily shows similarities between organisms
Allows scientists to study organisms better
Easier to identify organisms and study them

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16
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The study of how living things are classified

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17
Q

What is Binomial Nomenclature:

A

It is a two part naming system used by scientists
Created by a swedish botanist, Carolus Linnaeus
Ex. Common name: Pebble crab - Scientific name: Xanthias Lamarckii

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18
Q

Why do species have scientific names?

A

Common names like ‘ladybug’ do not distinguish between the different varieties of species
Allows scientists to communicate internationally about behaviors and characters of specific species

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19
Q

What makes species different from one another?

A

If animals can’t reproduce and create fertile offspring then they are considered different species

20
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring
Mules are a cross between donkeys and horses and are infertile. Therefore, they don’t have a scientific name.

21
Q

All life is classified under 1 of the 3 domains of life

A

Bacteria, archaea, or eukarya

22
Q

Which domains make up the most living things on earth?

A

Bacteria and archaea

23
Q

Which kingdoms fall under eukarya?

A

Protista, plantae, fungi, and animalia

24
Q

What is the acronym to remember order of domains, kingdoms, etc and what does it stand for?

A

Does katy perry come over for green smoothies
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

25
Q

What is a dichotomous key?

A

A tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world

26
Q

What is a clade?

A

A group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor

27
Q

What are cladograms?

A

They are tree diagrams that show the most probable sequence of divergence of organisms

28
Q

How do you read a cladogram?

A

Whatever is after a trait has it and whatever is before a trait does not
If a trait is not on a main evolutionary line, then it only applies to the thing(s) above it
The closer the lines are, the more closely related the organisms are

29
Q

What do the two scientific names stand for?

A

The first is the genus and the second is the species

30
Q

Human evolution facts:

A

Humans are not directly related to chimps
First evidence of humans was around 2 million years ago
Homo refers to the genus humans are apart of
Cranial capacity grew over time from 0.81lbs to 2.9lbs
First homo sapiens came around 200,000 years ago
Homo were the first to control fire, use tools, and be bipedalist

31
Q

What do fossils tell us?

A

Bone structure from prehistoric organisms
They allow scientists to compare to current organisms to make theories about evolution
Each fossil reflects a unique period of time in earth’s history

32
Q

The closer the fossil is to the surface the ___

A

The closer to the surface, the younger it is. The further away, the older it is

33
Q

What is the principle of faunal succession?

A

Different fossil species always appear and disappear in the same order, and once a fossil species goes extinct, it disappears and cannot reappear again in younger rocks

34
Q

Peppered moths

A

The pollution from the Industrial revolution caused the light colored lichens to become dark. Because of this, the darker colored moths were able to survive better than the lighter ones, therefore producing more offspring and tipping the scales.

35
Q

What is industrial melanism?

A

when species become darker due to environmental influences such as pollution

36
Q

What happens if a species is isolated for a very long time?

A

the separated organism will develop traits preventing them from reproducing with their original species. They essentially become two different species

37
Q

what are the two paces of evolution?

A

gradual change and rapid change

38
Q

what are selective pressures?

A

external agents which affect an organism’s ability to survive in a given enviornment

39
Q

difference between positive and negative selective pressures?

A

positive causes an increase in population, negative causes a decrease

40
Q

Examples of selective pressures

A

Resource availability
- presence of sufficient food
- habitat (shelter/territory)
- mates
environmental conditions
- temperature
- weather conditions
- natural disasters
biological factors
- predators
- pathogens (diseases)

41
Q

What are density dependent factors?

A

These are factors that depend on size of population. Example, predators

42
Q

what are density independent factors?

A

these factors don’t depend on size of population. Example, natural disasters

43
Q

what are theories?

A

well tested concepts that have no evidence going against them

44
Q

what is a scientific name made up of?

A

first name is genus
second is species

45
Q

reasons why studying evolution matters

A

helps us understand/study viruses
helps us save the environment (grassland example)
changed laws (smaller fish)
helps us better udnerstand where humans come from

46
Q

Three examples of evolution

A

peppered moths
whale pelvic bone
crickets stop chirping due to flies

Biology (4 decks)

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