Bio test #2

Question 1

What is evolution?

Answer 1

Evolution is a change in heritable characteristics of a population over successive generations. It doesn’t happen in a minute, it takes several years to happen.

Question 2

Who was Charles Darwin?

Answer 2

English biologist and geologist known for contributions in evolution
He came up with the theory of natural selection

Question 3

what is Evolution part two?

Answer 3

Evolutions occurs when heritable characteristics of a species change

Question 4

What is a geological time scale?

Answer 4

It is the ‘calendar’ for the history of the earth. It describes the timing and relationship of events that have occurred during earth’s history
If the lifespan of the earth was on a clock, humans would come in around 11.59.59 (the last second)

Question 5

When was the earth formed?

Answer 5

It was formed 4.6 billion years ago

Question 6

When did the earliest forms of life appear on earth?

Answer 6

It is thought to have appeared 3.5 billion years ago

Question 7

What are vestigial Structures

Answer 7

Vestigial structures are functionless and reduced remnants of organs that were once present in the ancestor of a species
Examples include human appendix, whale pelvic bone, human wisdom teeth, eyes of a blind cave salamander, pelvic bones of a snake, human tonsils.

Question 8

Evidence of Evolution

Answer 8

Fossils
Vestigial structures
Comparative embryology
Comparative anatomy/homologous structures
DNA comparisons
Biographical distribution

Question 9

What is biographical distribution?

Answer 9

Suggests that closely distributed species share a common lineage
Most modern marsupials are found almost exclusively in Australia
The only exception is flightless birds and this is explained by the continental drift

Question 10

What is comparative anatomy/homologous structures

Answer 10

Anatomical features similar in basic structure despite being used in different ways

Question 11

What is Selective breeding?

Answer 11

Identify wanted feature and only breed animal/plant that was that feature
Examples include:
- Wheat
- Rice
- Dogs

Question 12

What are GMOs?

Answer 12

Genetically modified organisms, and animal, plant, or microbe, whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

Question 13

What is natural selection?

Answer 13

Over generations, favorable variations increase, each new generation will contain more offspring from individuals with the favorable variation than those with unfavorable ones, changing the population over time.

Question 14

What causes natural selection?

Answer 14

• Overproduction of offspring
• Populations produce more offspring than the environment can support
• Genetic variation in a population
  — At least two sources of a variation
• Selective pressure which causes a struggle for existence (competition)
  — Limited food, water, territory, mates, etc (resources)
  — Change in environment
  — Predators
• Differential survival and reproduction

Question 15

Why do scientists classify organisms into groups?

Answer 15

Easily shows similarities between organisms
Allows scientists to study organisms better
Easier to identify organisms and study them

Question 16

What is taxonomy?

Answer 16

The study of how living things are classified

Question 17

What is Binomial Nomenclature:

Answer 17

It is a two part naming system used by scientists
Created by a swedish botanist, Carolus Linnaeus
Ex. Common name: Pebble crab - Scientific name: Xanthias Lamarckii

Question 18

Why do species have scientific names?

Answer 18

Common names like ‘ladybug’ do not distinguish between the different varieties of species
Allows scientists to communicate internationally about behaviors and characters of specific species

Question 19

What makes species different from one another?

Answer 19

If animals can’t reproduce and create fertile offspring then they are considered different species

Question 20

What is a species?

Answer 20

A group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring
Mules are a cross between donkeys and horses and are infertile. Therefore, they don’t have a scientific name.

Question 21

All life is classified under 1 of the 3 domains of life

Answer 21

Bacteria, archaea, or eukarya

Question 22

Which domains make up the most living things on earth?

Answer 22

Bacteria and archaea

Question 23

Which kingdoms fall under eukarya?

Answer 23

Protista, plantae, fungi, and animalia

Question 24

What is the acronym to remember order of domains, kingdoms, etc and what does it stand for?

Answer 24

Does katy perry come over for green smoothies
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 25

What is a dichotomous key?

Answer 25

A tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world

Question 26

What is a clade?

Answer 26

A group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor

Question 27

What are cladograms?

Answer 27

They are tree diagrams that show the most probable sequence of divergence of organisms

Question 28

How do you read a cladogram?

Answer 28

Whatever is after a trait has it and whatever is before a trait does not If a trait is not on a main evolutionary line, then it only applies to the thing(s) above it The closer the lines are, the more closely related the organisms are

Question 29

What do the two scientific names stand for?

Answer 29

The first is the genus and the second is the species

Question 30

Human evolution facts:

Answer 30

Humans are not directly related to chimps First evidence of humans was around 2 million years ago Homo refers to the genus humans are apart of Cranial capacity grew over time from 0.81lbs to 2.9lbs First homo sapiens came around 200,000 years ago Homo were the first to control fire, use tools, and be bipedalist

Question 31

What do fossils tell us?

Answer 31

Bone structure from prehistoric organisms They allow scientists to compare to current organisms to make theories about evolution Each fossil reflects a unique period of time in earth’s history

Question 32

The closer the fossil is to the surface the ___

Answer 32

The closer to the surface, the younger it is. The further away, the older it is

Question 33

What is the principle of faunal succession?

Answer 33

Different fossil species always appear and disappear in the same order, and once a fossil species goes extinct, it disappears and cannot reappear again in younger rocks

Question 34

Peppered moths

Answer 34

The pollution from the Industrial revolution caused the light colored lichens to become dark. Because of this, the darker colored moths were able to survive better than the lighter ones, therefore producing more offspring and tipping the scales.

Question 35

What is industrial melanism?

Answer 35

when species become darker due to environmental influences such as pollution

Question 36

What happens if a species is isolated for a very long time?

Answer 36

the separated organism will develop traits preventing them from reproducing with their original species. They essentially become two different species

Question 37

what are the two paces of evolution?

Answer 37

gradual change and rapid change

Question 38

what are selective pressures?

Answer 38

external agents which affect an organism's ability to survive in a given enviornment

Question 39

difference between positive and negative selective pressures?

Answer 39

positive causes an increase in population, negative causes a decrease

Question 40

Examples of selective pressures

Answer 40

Resource availability - presence of sufficient food - habitat (shelter/territory) - mates environmental conditions - temperature - weather conditions - natural disasters biological factors - predators - pathogens (diseases)

Question 41

What are density dependent factors?

Answer 41

These are factors that depend on size of population. Example, predators

Question 42

what are density independent factors?

Answer 42

these factors don't depend on size of population. Example, natural disasters

Question 43

what are theories?

Answer 43

well tested concepts that have no evidence going against them

Question 44

what is a scientific name made up of?

Answer 44

first name is genus second is species

Question 45

reasons why studying evolution matters

Answer 45

helps us understand/study viruses helps us save the environment (grassland example) changed laws (smaller fish) helps us better udnerstand where humans come from

Question 46

Three examples of evolution

Answer 46

peppered moths whale pelvic bone crickets stop chirping due to flies