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Biology > Bio test #1 9th grade > Flashcards

Bio test #1 9th grade Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

50 - 100 times smaller than eukaryotic cells (0.5-5 micrometers)
absence of nuclear membrane (no nucleus)
contains one singular circular chromosome
no organnelles
mostly unicellular organisms
cellular division occurs only be binary fission
Has ribosomes

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

10-100 micrometers
has a nucleus
contains more than one chromosome
has organnelles
mostly multicellular organisms
cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis
found in fungi, plants, and animals

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3
Q

Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

dna, cell membrane, and ribosomes

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4
Q

three domains

A

bacteria, archea, and eukaryota

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5
Q

six kingdoms

A

eubacteria, archae-bacteria, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia

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6
Q

evolutionary origin

A

archea shows a closer evolutionary relationship to eukaryota but generally archea and bacteria look more similar due to their small size, lack of nucleus, and lack of organnelles.

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7
Q

LUCA

A

last universal common ancestor (first cell)

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8
Q

hierarchy of life

A

cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

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9
Q

Why cant cells grow unlimitedly

A

because the proportion of volume and surface area must remain in a specific range. If the volume surpasses the surface area, the cell can’t expel waste or get food quickly enough and it will explode

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10
Q

all living things

A

made up of cell
respond to their enviornment
excrete waste
need + use energy
reproduce
maintain homeostasis
grow and develop

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11
Q

endophagocytosed

A

process in which cells absorbe from their surroundings

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12
Q

Principles of cell theory

A

cells only arise from pre existing cells
cells are the smallest unit of life
all living things are composed of cells or cell products

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13
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

fusion of bacteria and archea yielded the ancestor of the eukaryotic cell. 2.5 billion years ago, cyano bacteria produced oxygen, causing oxygen levels to rise. Organisms that couldn’t use the oxygen died off (selective pressure) but aerobic bacteria (bacteria that could use oxygen) survived and so did the cells that endophagocytosed the aerobic bacteria

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14
Q

Proof of endosymbiotic theory

A

both the mitochondria and chloroplast have a double membrane (caused by membrane of prokaryotic cell and the infolding of the membrane of eukaryotic cell)
DNA found in the mitochondria and chloroplast have a singular circular chromosome (characteristic of bacteria cells)

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15
Q

Plasma membrane

A

protects and defines the cell surface
where many reactions take place (electron transport chain)
it has receptors and channels
interacts with outer enviornment and other cells
delimits organnelles (surrounds and protects them)
fluid mosaic model

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16
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer that consists of a fluid part where other components are immersed
- the fluid part is made by lipids (fats)
- the mosaic part is mainly proteins that float in the liquid part

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17
Q

structure of the lipid part of plasma cell membrane

A

it is both polar and non polar. the heads face outer and inner of the cell and are polar. the tails create an interspace which is not polar.
proteins can float in the polar, non polar, or both parts

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18
Q

hydrophilic vs hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic - polar (molecules that dissolve in water)
hydrophobic - non polar (molecules don’t dissolve in water, only non polar solvents like oil)

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19
Q

membrane transport

A

many substances get in and out of cell by passing through the cell membrane. different substances are transported with different mechanisms

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20
Q

Diffusion

A

Diffusion is the movement of molecules in a fluid from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. But a simpler definition might simply be the natural spreading-out of molecules in a liquid or gas.

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21
Q

Osmosis

A

process of movement of solvents through a semi-permeable membrane (where only one type of particle can pass) from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. (sugar and water)

Not the cell membrane’s behavior

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22
Q

Isotonic solution

A

same concentration as inside of cell
no net movement of water particles
concentration on both sides remains constant

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23
Q

hypertonic solution

A

higher solute concentration outside then inside of the cell
water moves out of the cell causing it to shrivel up (crenation) and can cause death

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24
Q

hypotonic solution

A

lower solute concentration outside than inside of the cell
water particles move into the cell
cell expands and eventually lyse (dies)

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25
Passive transport
no energy used molecules move from higher concentration to lower due to diffusion (non polar) or facilitated diffusion (using protein channels - water and aquaporins)
26
Active transport
energy is used molecules move from lower concntration to higher moves against natural diffusion
27
Primary/direct active transport
transports using atp energy from lower to higher concentration
28
secondary/indirect active transport
the substance to be transported is coupled with a molecule that naturally moves with diffusion (glucose pairs with sodium to go into the liver)
29
Plant cell
boxy cell wall large vacuole chloroplast flagella only in gametes
30
animal cell
flagella lysosome any shape small vacuole no chloroplast and no cell wall
31
Both animal and plant cells
golgi apparatus nucleus cytoplasm ribosomes DNA cell membrane smooth and rough ER mitochondria
32
Nucleus
both plant and animal cell stores genetic info in the form of DNA kept in a sequence of nucleotides info stored in DNA is used for protein synthesis
33
Endoplasmic reticulum
Both plant and animal cell rough ER - ribosomes (where proteins are made) smooth ER - lipid synthesis occurs
34
Ribosomes
Both plant and animal cell membrane free organelles/enzimes that create proteins. information stored in DNA tells ribosomes what proteins to make
35
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
dna - transcription - messenger rna - translation (ribosomes) - amino acids - protein DNA made in the nucleus is transcribed to mRNA. the mRNA then brings the info to the ribosomes which then make proteins
36
Golgi body
both plant and animal cell cell sorting center vesicles arrive and leave proteins and lipids are modified and packaged to be sent to wherever needed (other organelles, cytoplasm, cell membrane) ex. a lysosome is released to engulf a damaged organelle.
37
Mitochondria
both plant and animal cell produces energy using carbs and oxygen (cellular respiration) different cell types have different amounts of mitochondrias (muscle cells and brain cells have more)
38
Centrosome
both plant and animal cells membrane free 2 centriols have a role in animal cell mitosis (anaphase chromosome separation) flowering plants lack centrosomes (in moss they are present) in plant cells they form the basal body for flagella and cilia
39
Lysosomes
animal cell only contains enzymes which break down nutrients other biological polymers, viruses, and bacteria
40
central large vacuole
plant cell only water storage cell wall prevents them from overexpanding contains pigments and other substances
41
chloroplasts
plant only makes sugars for plants and for the ecosystem uses sunlight to capture energy and store in ATP molecules
42
cytoplasm
both animal and plant most biochemical reactions occur hydrophillic space between plasma membrane and nucleus
43
Cell division allows for
differentiation, development, and proliferation
44
Binary Fission
call division used by bacteria parent cell - replication of dna - segregation of dna - two identical daughter cells. (very simple process)
45
Mitosis purpose
used for tissue/organ repairing, growth, and cell differentiation mitosis takes a lot longer than binary fission due to all the phases
46
Gap 1 phase mitosis
part of interphase cell grows + carries out normal functions prepares for next phase
47
Gap 0 phase mitosis
part of interphase cell exits cell cycle and rests - neurons remain in gap 0 after development
48
S phase mitosis
Part of interphase proteins synthesized here are used for dna replication 2 identical copies of genome by the end mitochondria and ribosomes increase
49
Gap 2 phase mitosis
Part of interphase cell keeps growing and synthesizes more proteins
50
Mitosis phase of cell cycle
prophase - chromosomes pair up (4n) metaphase - chromosomes line up at equator anaphase - sister chromosomes are pulled apart telophase - cell pinches in the middle cytokinesis - cytoplasm is equally distributed into two cells
51
Meiosis definition and purpose
cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that generates haploid cells, called gametes. Involves the replication of parent cell DNA, but two consecutive divisions resulting in 4 different haploid daughter cells
52
Meiosis female
at the end of female meiosis, only one egg cell is formed due to the unbalanced division (which causes the creation of polar bodies)
53
Homologous chromosomes
chromosomes that compose one pair one from male one from female 23 homologous pairs
54
sister chromatids
homologous chromosomes belonging to one organism during replication, two copies of DNA are created, these are sister chromatids
55
Meiosis 1
after dna replication 2n becomes 4n, parent cell enters prophase 1, and crossing over occurs between non sister chromatids from prophase 1 to telophase 1, process is the same, but in anaphase, homologous chromosomes are pulled apart, creating two unique diploid cells
56
Meiosis 2
We start with two daughter cells no dna replication occurs - only 46 chromosomes present the rest of the process is similar to mitosis sister chromatids are pulled apart but they aren't identical due to crossing over
57
Linked genes
inherited together since their alleles are located close to each other and are less likely to be separated by crossing over
58
crossing over
non sister chromatids exchange material - leads to variation - completely new allele recombination generate unique chromosomes crossing over must occur for each homologous pair at least once creates four different combinations of daughter haploids
59
Carbon cycle
process in which carbon passes from one system to another in different forms. carbon passes from an inorganic form (carbon dioxide) to an organic molecule (sugars, proteins, lipids, etc)
60
phases of photosynthesis
light phase - light is absorbed and changed into chemical energy dark phase - synthesis of organic molecules
61
carbon cycle diagram
sun, co2, water go into chloroplast photosynthesis creates oxygen and glucose plant gets eaten through cellular respiration, ATP, co2 and water is produced plant uses water and co2 cycle continues
62
Cellular respiration
organic molecules and oxygen to produce atp energy and release co2 and water krebs cycle takes place here
63
Apoptosis
natural process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms to maintain homeostasis, quality control, and plays a role in embryotic development
64
Viruses
viruses are 'cellular parasites' that need living cells to multiply and proliferate.
65
what is climate change
increased carbon dioxide leads to increases in temperature
66
carbon dioxide
greenhouse gas that traps heat in our enviornment
67
non renewable energy
fossil fuels - oil - coal - natural gas nuclear
68
natural vs human enhanced greenhouse effect
natural - heat from the sun enters atmosphere, warms up earth's surface, and bounces back into space human enhanced - sunlight enters atmosphere, but gets stuck and can't leave
69
examples of greenhouse gasses
carbon dioxide methane fluorinated gasses nitrous oxide
70
Ecological units
organism - population - community - ecosystem
71

Biology (6 decks)

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