Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Bio test #1 9th grade > Flashcards

Bio test #1 9th grade Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

50 - 100 times smaller than eukaryotic cells (0.5-5 micrometers)
absence of nuclear membrane (no nucleus)
contains one singular circular chromosome
no organnelles
mostly unicellular organisms
cellular division occurs only be binary fission
Has ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

10-100 micrometers
has a nucleus
contains more than one chromosome
has organnelles
mostly multicellular organisms
cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis
found in fungi, plants, and animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

dna, cell membrane, and ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

three domains

A

bacteria, archea, and eukaryota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

six kingdoms

A

eubacteria, archae-bacteria, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

evolutionary origin

A

archea shows a closer evolutionary relationship to eukaryota but generally archea and bacteria look more similar due to their small size, lack of nucleus, and lack of organnelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

LUCA

A

last universal common ancestor (first cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hierarchy of life

A

cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why cant cells grow unlimitedly

A

because the proportion of volume and surface area must remain in a specific range. If the volume surpasses the surface area, the cell can’t expel waste or get food quickly enough and it will explode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

all living things

A

made up of cell
respond to their enviornment
excrete waste
need + use energy
reproduce
maintain homeostasis
grow and develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

endophagocytosed

A

process in which cells absorbe from their surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Principles of cell theory

A

cells only arise from pre existing cells
cells are the smallest unit of life
all living things are composed of cells or cell products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

fusion of bacteria and archea yielded the ancestor of the eukaryotic cell. 2.5 billion years ago, cyano bacteria produced oxygen, causing oxygen levels to rise. Organisms that couldn’t use the oxygen died off (selective pressure) but aerobic bacteria (bacteria that could use oxygen) survived and so did the cells that endophagocytosed the aerobic bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Proof of endosymbiotic theory

A

both the mitochondria and chloroplast have a double membrane (caused by membrane of prokaryotic cell and the infolding of the membrane of eukaryotic cell)
DNA found in the mitochondria and chloroplast have a singular circular chromosome (characteristic of bacteria cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Plasma membrane

A

protects and defines the cell surface
where many reactions take place (electron transport chain)
it has receptors and channels
interacts with outer enviornment and other cells
delimits organnelles (surrounds and protects them)
fluid mosaic model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer that consists of a fluid part where other components are immersed
- the fluid part is made by lipids (fats)
- the mosaic part is mainly proteins that float in the liquid part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

structure of the lipid part of plasma cell membrane

A

it is both polar and non polar. the heads face outer and inner of the cell and are polar. the tails create an interspace which is not polar.
proteins can float in the polar, non polar, or both parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hydrophilic vs hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic - polar (molecules that dissolve in water)
hydrophobic - non polar (molecules don’t dissolve in water, only non polar solvents like oil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

membrane transport

A

many substances get in and out of cell by passing through the cell membrane. different substances are transported with different mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Diffusion

A

Diffusion is the movement of molecules in a fluid from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. But a simpler definition might simply be the natural spreading-out of molecules in a liquid or gas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Osmosis

A

process of movement of solvents through a semi-permeable membrane (where only one type of particle can pass) from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. (sugar and water)

Not the cell membrane’s behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Isotonic solution

A

same concentration as inside of cell
no net movement of water particles
concentration on both sides remains constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hypertonic solution

A

higher solute concentration outside then inside of the cell
water moves out of the cell causing it to shrivel up (crenation) and can cause death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hypotonic solution

A

lower solute concentration outside than inside of the cell
water particles move into the cell
cell expands and eventually lyse (dies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Passive transport

A

no energy used
molecules move from higher concentration to lower
due to diffusion (non polar) or facilitated diffusion (using protein channels - water and aquaporins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Active transport

A

energy is used
molecules move from lower concntration to higher
moves against natural diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Primary/direct active transport

A

transports using atp energy from lower to higher concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

secondary/indirect active transport

A

the substance to be transported is coupled with a molecule that naturally moves with diffusion (glucose pairs with sodium to go into the liver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Plant cell

A

boxy
cell wall
large vacuole
chloroplast
flagella only in gametes

30
Q

animal cell

A

flagella
lysosome
any shape
small vacuole
no chloroplast and no cell wall

31
Q

Both animal and plant cells

A

golgi apparatus
nucleus
cytoplasm
ribosomes
DNA
cell membrane
smooth and rough ER
mitochondria

32
Q

Nucleus

A

both plant and animal cell
stores genetic info in the form of DNA kept in a sequence of nucleotides
info stored in DNA is used for protein synthesis

33
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Both plant and animal cell
rough ER
- ribosomes (where proteins are made)
smooth ER
- lipid synthesis occurs

34
Q

Ribosomes

A

Both plant and animal cell
membrane free organelles/enzimes that create proteins. information stored in DNA tells ribosomes what proteins to make

35
Q

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

A

dna - transcription - messenger rna - translation (ribosomes) - amino acids - protein

DNA made in the nucleus is transcribed to mRNA. the mRNA then brings the info to the ribosomes which then make proteins

36
Q

Golgi body

A

both plant and animal cell
cell sorting center
vesicles arrive and leave
proteins and lipids are modified and packaged to be sent to wherever needed (other organelles, cytoplasm, cell membrane)
ex. a lysosome is released to engulf a damaged organelle.

37
Q

Mitochondria

A

both plant and animal cell
produces energy using carbs and oxygen (cellular respiration)
different cell types have different amounts of mitochondrias (muscle cells and brain cells have more)

38
Q

Centrosome

A

both plant and animal cells
membrane free
2 centriols
have a role in animal cell mitosis (anaphase chromosome separation)
flowering plants lack centrosomes (in moss they are present)
in plant cells they form the basal body for flagella and cilia

39
Q

Lysosomes

A

animal cell only
contains enzymes which break down nutrients other biological polymers, viruses, and bacteria

40
Q

central large vacuole

A

plant cell only
water storage
cell wall prevents them from overexpanding
contains pigments and other substances

41
Q

chloroplasts

A

plant only
makes sugars for plants and for the ecosystem
uses sunlight to capture energy and store in ATP molecules

42
Q

cytoplasm

A

both animal and plant
most biochemical reactions occur
hydrophillic
space between plasma membrane and nucleus

43
Q

Cell division allows for

A

differentiation, development, and proliferation

44
Q

Binary Fission

A

call division used by bacteria
parent cell - replication of dna - segregation of dna - two identical daughter cells.
(very simple process)

45
Q

Mitosis purpose

A

used for tissue/organ repairing, growth, and cell differentiation
mitosis takes a lot longer than binary fission due to all the phases

46
Q

Gap 1 phase mitosis

A

part of interphase
cell grows + carries out normal functions
prepares for next phase

47
Q

Gap 0 phase mitosis

A

part of interphase
cell exits cell cycle and rests
- neurons remain in gap 0 after development

48
Q

S phase mitosis

A

Part of interphase
proteins synthesized here are used for dna replication
2 identical copies of genome by the end
mitochondria and ribosomes increase

49
Q

Gap 2 phase mitosis

A

Part of interphase
cell keeps growing and synthesizes more proteins

50
Q

Mitosis phase of cell cycle

A

prophase - chromosomes pair up (4n)
metaphase - chromosomes line up at equator
anaphase - sister chromosomes are pulled apart
telophase - cell pinches in the middle
cytokinesis - cytoplasm is equally distributed into two cells

51
Q

Meiosis definition and purpose

A

cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that generates haploid cells, called gametes. Involves the replication of parent cell DNA, but two consecutive divisions resulting in 4 different haploid daughter cells

52
Q

Meiosis female

A

at the end of female meiosis, only one egg cell is formed due to the unbalanced division (which causes the creation of polar bodies)

53
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes that compose one pair
one from male one from female
23 homologous pairs

54
Q

sister chromatids

A

homologous chromosomes belonging to one organism
during replication, two copies of DNA are created, these are sister chromatids

55
Q

Meiosis 1

A

after dna replication 2n becomes 4n, parent cell enters prophase 1, and crossing over occurs between non sister chromatids
from prophase 1 to telophase 1, process is the same, but in anaphase, homologous chromosomes are pulled apart, creating two unique diploid cells

56
Q

Meiosis 2

A

We start with two daughter cells
no dna replication occurs - only 46 chromosomes present
the rest of the process is similar to mitosis
sister chromatids are pulled apart but they aren’t identical due to crossing over

57
Q

Linked genes

A

inherited together since their alleles are located close to each other and are less likely to be separated by crossing over

58
Q

crossing over

A

non sister chromatids exchange material
- leads to variation
- completely new
allele recombination generate unique chromosomes
crossing over must occur for each homologous pair at least once
creates four different combinations of daughter haploids

59
Q

Carbon cycle

A

process in which carbon passes from one system to another in different forms. carbon passes from an inorganic form (carbon dioxide) to an organic molecule (sugars, proteins, lipids, etc)

60
Q

phases of photosynthesis

A

light phase
- light is absorbed and changed into chemical energy
dark phase
- synthesis of organic molecules

61
Q

carbon cycle diagram

A

sun, co2, water go into chloroplast
photosynthesis creates oxygen and glucose
plant gets eaten
through cellular respiration, ATP, co2 and water is produced
plant uses water and co2
cycle continues

62
Q

Cellular respiration

A

organic molecules and oxygen to produce atp energy and release co2 and water
krebs cycle takes place here

63
Q

Apoptosis

A

natural process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms to maintain homeostasis, quality control, and plays a role in embryotic development

64
Q

Viruses

A

viruses are ‘cellular parasites’ that need living cells to multiply and proliferate.

65
Q

what is climate change

A

increased carbon dioxide leads to increases in temperature

66
Q

carbon dioxide

A

greenhouse gas that traps heat in our enviornment

67
Q

non renewable energy

A

fossil fuels
- oil
- coal
- natural gas
nuclear

68
Q

natural vs human enhanced greenhouse effect

A

natural - heat from the sun enters atmosphere, warms up earth’s surface, and bounces back into space

human enhanced - sunlight enters atmosphere, but gets stuck and can’t leave

69
Q

examples of greenhouse gasses

A

carbon dioxide
methane
fluorinated gasses
nitrous oxide

70
Q

Ecological units

A

organism - population - community - ecosystem

71
Q
A

Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions