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Biology > Bio Test #1 > Flashcards

Bio Test #1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell, found in the chromosome

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2
Q

Is everyone’s DNA the same?

A

All DNA is different except for identical twins

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3
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

It stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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4
Q

How many chromosomes are there?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes found in the nucleus. If there are extra or less then that causes a genetic mutation such as down syndrome

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5
Q

What are traits

A

A trait is a distinguishing quality. There exists a variation of traits among members of a species. Sometimes some traits show up more frequently in populations

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6
Q

What are traits controlled by?

A

Genes

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7
Q

Where are genes found?

A

A gene is a segment of DNA (loci) found in chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell

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8
Q

What is a gene

A

A sequence of DNA that encodes your traits

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9
Q

Genetics are influenced by… Examples…

A

They can be influenced by parents or the environment. Skin tone, freckles, hair color, allergies

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10
Q

Are all traits observable?

A

Some are, some aren’t. some non observable ones include: asthma, disease risk, diabetes

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11
Q

Traits are influenced by…

A

both genetics and environment

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12
Q

What are the layers of the nucleus (DNA)

A

Gene -> DNA -> Chromosome -> Nucleus -> cell

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13
Q

Definition of heridity

A

The passing on of genetic traits from parent to offspring

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14
Q

Alleles:

A

Alternative forms of a gene that encodes for different traits

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15
Q

Types of alleles:

A

Homozygous - alleles are the same
Heterozygous - alleles are different

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16
Q

Example of gene + allele combo:

A

gene: eye color
allele: blue, brown, green, grey

Gene: hair color
allele: blond, red, brown, black

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17
Q

Phenotype:

A

The observable characteristics of a trait

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18
Q

Genotype:

A

The allele combination for a specific trait (letter)

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19
Q

There are three types of alleles…

A

Homozygous Dominant (B,B)
Homozygous Recessive (b,b)
Heterozygous (B,b)
Dominante allele over recessive

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20
Q

What did Gregor Mendel do?

A

Mendel cross pollinated pea plants by removing the stamens from one pea plant and manually using pollen from another pea plant to fertilize the original one.

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21
Q

What did Gregor Mendel find?

A

The fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent.

22
Q

What is a punnet Square?

A

a diagram used to predict possible combinations of genotypes which code for a given trait.

23
Q

Purebred:

A

unmixed lineage of the same breed (homozygous)

24
Q

Hybrid:

A

result of two breeds (heterozygous)

25
Q

What is a polygenic trait?

A

a trait whos phenotype is influenced by more than one gene

Most traits we have are from a combination of genes

26
Q

Heterochromia

A

A rare condition which a person has two different eye colors

27
Q

Mutation

A

any permanent change in DNA

28
Q

Mutagen

A

an environmental factor that causes a mutation, both physical or chemical. Examples include: radiation (xrays, sunlight), chemicals (cigarette smoke, preservatives) and infectious agents (HPV)

29
Q

What is the principle of complete dominance

A

recessive alleles will be masked by dominant alleles

30
Q

Genome

A

An entire set of genes. IN the human genome, there are around 20,000 genes

31
Q

Karyogram

A

shows order of chromosomes in an organism organized by decreasing length. Used to identify gender of unborn baby as well as possible chromosomal abnormalities

32
Q

Sex cells

A

Female egg carries x chromosome male sperm has either x or y. XX=female XY=male

33
Q

Somatic cells + gametes

A

Somatic cells are body cells which are diploid, meaning they contain two sets of genes. Gametes or sex cells are haploid, meaning they carry half the DNA of other cells.

34
Q

What is DNA replication

A

DNA replication is the process by which the genome’s DNA is copied in cells. Before a cell divides, it must first copy its entire genome so that each resulting daughter cell ends up with its own complete genome.

35
Q

Process of DNA replication

A

DNA strands wrap around histones (protein molecules) to from nucleotides, ONe strand of the double helix is copied continuously while the other is drawn out in loops and copied one section at a time (since it must be copied backwards).

36
Q

What does a nucleotide look like?

A

A house (the sugar) with a balloon (the phosphate) and a square (the base)

37
Q

What are the four bases of DNA?

A

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
AT GC

38
Q

What is the backbone of DNA made up of?

A

Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups

39
Q

Similarities + differences of DNA and RNA

A

DNA:
double helix,
ATGC (bases linked by hydrogen bonds)
The Sugar is deoxyribose
two polymers of nucleotides

RNA
Single strand
AUCG (U stands for uracil)
Sugar is ribose
One polymer of nucleotides

40
Q

Why is RNA important

A

DNA–>RNA–>Amino acid–> Protein

41
Q

What is a pedigree

A

a pedigree shows the pattern of inheritance in family for a specific trait

42
Q

Dihybrid Punnett squares

A

COmbines multiple traits not just one.

43
Q

FOIL

A

First, Outer, Inner, last

44
Q

What are the blood types?

A

A, B, AB, O

45
Q

What does the positive or negative sign mean on blood types?

A

it stands for a protein called the RH factor and it can be either present (+) or not (-)

46
Q

What is a universal donor? Universal recipient?

A

Donor: a type of blood that can be donated to anyone else (O-)
Recipient: can receive blood from any donor (AB+)

47
Q

Why can you only receive blood if its compatible?

A

Because the body will reject the new blood, killing it off, and the individual will die

48
Q

Genetic disorders…

A

ARVD/C is caused by the replacement of fat and fibrous tissue in the muscles in the right ventricle.
Down syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome on 21
Sickle cell anemia - blood cell shape is half moon instead of round. caused by mutation on 11

49
Q

Proteins

A

Folded and bundled groups of amino acids

50
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

When the dominante allele doesn’t completely mask the recessive. EX. White (RR) x red (WW) flower = pink one (RW)

51
Q

Codominance

A

Both alleles are expressed.
White cow (WW) x brown
cow (RR) = white + brown (RW)

Biology (4 decks)

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