Bio Test #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. Basic structural unit of living things
  2. Basic functional unit of living things
  3. All cells are derived from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

Hierarchical organization of life

A

Cell —> Tissue —> Organ —> Organ System —> Organism

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3
Q

Types of cells and cellular functions

A

Prokaryotic: lacking nucleus (bacteria)

Eukaryotic: contain true nucleus (plants & animals)

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

Interphase: cell grows

Prophase (prep): centrioles move to poles & spindle fibres form

Metaphase (middle): chromosomes line up along middle of cell

Anaphase (apart): chromatids separate & are pulled to opposite poles

Telophase (two): cell elongates, chromosomes lose their shape, nuclear envelope reforms

Cytokinesis: cell divides

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5
Q

Importance of different organelles in mitosis and what would happen if they were not working

A

Nucleus: stores DNA
Chromatin: protects DNA & accurately distributes DNA to daughter cells
Spindle: organizes & separates chromosomes

Stop working:
-failed cell division
-genetic instability
-potentially cell death, severely impacting the organism

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6
Q

Stem cells and why they are important in research

A

Small group of unspecialized cells. Can differentiate into any type of specialized cell

They are important in research because they can be used to treat injuries and diseases by regenerating organs

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7
Q

Cancer and properties of a cancer cell

A

When your cells divide uncontrollably and form a tumor

Properties
-small cytoplasm
-multiple nuclei
-multiple large nucleoli
-coarse chromatin

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8
Q

Cell specialization, which cells specialize?

A

Cells have the same DNA, but develop in different ways to perform particular functions.

Stem, muscle, nerve, red & white blood, and plant cells specialize.

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9
Q

Cloning & different types

A

A natural or artificial process that involves forming offspring that are identical

2 types: grafting (roots are connected to another plants shoots) & vegetative propagation (cutting part and planting it to grow more)

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10
Q

Types of tissues in animal cells ECMN

A

Epithelial: protects

Connective: join tissues together & supports

Muscle: movement

Nervous: send messages

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11
Q

Types of tissues in plant cells (MEVG)

A

Meristematic: grows new parts

Epidermal: protect

Vascular: transporting (xylem = water & phloem = sugar)

Ground: support, photosynthesis & gas exchange, stores water & nutrients

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12
Q

Cell division

A

-parent cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells
-divided into G1, S, & G2 Phase

Cells divide for 3 reasons:
1. Growth
2. Repair
3. Reproduction

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13
Q

Ethics behind therapeutic cloning

A

-creation & destruction of embryos
-human cloning
-equity
-consent

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