Bio Test #1 Flashcards
Cell Theory
- Basic structural unit of living things
- Basic functional unit of living things
- All cells are derived from pre-existing cells
Hierarchical organization of life
Cell —> Tissue —> Organ —> Organ System —> Organism
Types of cells and cellular functions
Prokaryotic: lacking nucleus (bacteria)
Eukaryotic: contain true nucleus (plants & animals)
Mitosis
Interphase: cell grows
Prophase (prep): centrioles move to poles & spindle fibres form
Metaphase (middle): chromosomes line up along middle of cell
Anaphase (apart): chromatids separate & are pulled to opposite poles
Telophase (two): cell elongates, chromosomes lose their shape, nuclear envelope reforms
Cytokinesis: cell divides
Importance of different organelles in mitosis and what would happen if they were not working
Nucleus: stores DNA
Chromatin: protects DNA & accurately distributes DNA to daughter cells
Spindle: organizes & separates chromosomes
Stop working:
-failed cell division
-genetic instability
-potentially cell death, severely impacting the organism
Stem cells and why they are important in research
Small group of unspecialized cells. Can differentiate into any type of specialized cell
They are important in research because they can be used to treat injuries and diseases by regenerating organs
Cancer and properties of a cancer cell
When your cells divide uncontrollably and form a tumor
Properties
-small cytoplasm
-multiple nuclei
-multiple large nucleoli
-coarse chromatin
Cell specialization, which cells specialize?
Cells have the same DNA, but develop in different ways to perform particular functions.
Stem, muscle, nerve, red & white blood, and plant cells specialize.
Cloning & different types
A natural or artificial process that involves forming offspring that are identical
2 types: grafting (roots are connected to another plants shoots) & vegetative propagation (cutting part and planting it to grow more)
Types of tissues in animal cells ECMN
Epithelial: protects
Connective: join tissues together & supports
Muscle: movement
Nervous: send messages
Types of tissues in plant cells (MEVG)
Meristematic: grows new parts
Epidermal: protect
Vascular: transporting (xylem = water & phloem = sugar)
Ground: support, photosynthesis & gas exchange, stores water & nutrients
Cell division
-parent cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells
-divided into G1, S, & G2 Phase
Cells divide for 3 reasons:
1. Growth
2. Repair
3. Reproduction
Ethics behind therapeutic cloning
-creation & destruction of embryos
-human cloning
-equity
-consent