Bio Test #1 Flashcards
What is apoptosis?
A cell dies as a normal part of the functioning of a healthy multi-cellular organisms, BUT apoptosis is a regulated cell death
What is prokaryotic?
Simplest type of cells. They lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
What is eukaryotic?
More complex and have specialized parts. They can be unicellular or multicellular.
What is regeneration?
- process whereby body part is replaced or regrown
- tissue regeneration for humans is limited (blood, bone for fracture)(liver, kidney)
- Little cell specialization for animals can regenerate
- Other animals can only regenerate parts
What is xenotransplantation?
Animal-to-human transplants of organs. Normally cows and/or pigs (close to humans).
What is vegetative propagation?
Involves cloning of plants and involves taking a cutting from a plant and allowing it to root and produces another plant.
What is grafting?
Fruit growers use cloning in the form of grafting (roots of one type of tree are attached to roots of another more desirable type of tree), to produce fruit of consistent quality.
What is reproductive cloning (STEPS)?
- Take nucleus from a BODY CELL of a donor (can be male or female)
- Take an egg cell from a female sheep and remove the nucleus from it (don’t need the nucleus)
- FUSE the nucleus from the donor and the egg cell together
- The egg cell tricks the nucleus and it thinks it is fertilized
- The fused cell begins dividing normally into an EMBRYO
- The embryo is placed into the UTERUS of any foster mother
- The embryo develops normally until the mother gives birth to the clone of the donor
What is Gene Cloning?
- involves the transfer of a gene into bacteria, so that the gene can be reproduced multiple times
- gene therapy uses this type of cloning
- used to make copies of genes
- CLONING GENES
What is Therapeutic Cloning?
- similar to reproductive cloning, but it is to harvest embryonic stem cells from a developing embryo
- harvested stem cells are used to regrow healthy tissue in places of damaged tissue
What is cell specialization?
- multicellular organism is a collection of diff types of cells doing diff jobs
- all cells have same DNA, but develop in diff ways to perform particular functions
- during development certain parts of DNA will turn off and the cell doesn’t portray those characteristics (ex. lung and skin cell start of the same but will turn off genes they don’t need to do job, so they will turn out differently).
What are stem cells?
- UNSPECIALIZED CELL
- they can become any type of cell so they are used for treating injuries and sicknesses by regenerating organs
- from one organ that can be used to regenerate tissues from another organ (kidney, liver, etc)
- Embryonic stem cells - found in embryos and eventually will undergo differentiation to perform different functions
- Adult stem cells - found in blood, skin, tissue
What is gene therapy?
- used to cure genetic disorders
- replacing absent or faulty genes with a normal gene
- In the future, it may be used to treat cancer, viral infections, and inherited diseases
- Virus is used to carry gene into cell, virus is modified so it cannot cause damage and the replacement gene is added to DNA
What are cancer cells (SHORT ANSWER)?
A cancer cell is a cell that divides uncontrollably. It happens when the DNA in a cell mutates and the cell keeps dividing. Mutations can be caused by carcinogens which is an environmental factor that causes cancer, errors during DNA replication, and can be genetic. The mass of cells that continue to form a tumour, which doesn’t serve any function. When the tumour is small it won’t really affect much tissue, but once it grows it can block and affect surrounding organs and tissue, this is called a malignant tumor.
What are the types of tumors?
Benign tumor - when the cells stay together and do not affect srounding tissue (not cancerous)
Malignant - when the tumour interfere with tissue
