BIO Q2 LQ2 Flashcards
The technical application of biological knowledge for human purposes
Biotechnology
Biotechnology focuses on using living organisms like
bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Mainly used to create vaccines
Bio organisms
mainly used to create GMO Fruits and Vegetables
Plants
Mainly used to make better quality of products
Animals
Manipulation of the genetic makeup of cells or whole organisms
Genetic engineering
Universal language in biotechnology. It is present in all species.
ACTG
Cutting, splicing, and copying DNA
→ aims to amplify genetic material by combining two DNA sequences. It falls under genetic engineering.
Recombinant DNA Technology
How long is a cycle of Recombinant DNA Technology
24 hours
This is an example of _____: The process involves merging two segments of DNA strands. The first strand contains the desired DNA, such as genes from a lizard that enable wall-climbing. This desired DNA is combined with a second DNA strand from bacteria, chosen for its rapid reproduction rate. To perform this, tools are needed for cutting and pasting.
→ The lizard gene and bacterial DNA are fragmented and then joined together. As the bacteria reproduces, the desired gene multiplies. Eventually, the gene is harvested.
Recombinant DNA Technology
Human DNA is
Helical
Bacteria DNA is
Circular
Recombinant DNA technology process
- Cutting DNA into fragments
- Combining them
- Reintroducing them into
bacteria - Incubating
- Extracting and harvesting the gene
cut DNA at specific sites, often
palindromes
Restriction enzyme
Join fragments of DNA
DNA ligase
→ are strings of letters that read the same forwards and backwards.
→ They are significant because they act as signals for restriction enzymes. When these enzymes encounter palindromic sequences, they are prompted to initiate a cutting process.
Palindromic sequences
→ Cooling down the DNA sample
→ the reaction to 55-65°C for 45 seconds so primers can bind to their complementary sequences on the single-stranded template DNA
→ Allows the primer to attach to the DNA strand
→ Duration: 45 seconds
Annealing
→ Heating the reaction temperature
to 72°C for 2 minutes so Taq polymerase extends the primers, synthesizing new strands of DNA
→ Subject the DNA sample to heat again
→ Prepares for replication and the creation of complementary sister strands
→ A polymerase is added to the solution to facilitate extension
Extension
shares the same objective as recombinant DNA technology: amplifying genetic material. However, this method employs machines for a faster process, often used in medical settings for safety.
Polymerase chain reaction
How long does a cycle of PCR last?
5 minutes
PCR Cycle
- Denaturation
- Annealing
- Extension
- Cooling repeat cycle
→ Heating the reaction strongly (96°C for 1 minute) to separate, or denature, the DNA strands. This provides the single-stranded template for the next step
→ Subject the DNA to heat
→ Heat allows the hydrogen bonds to
separate, resulting in the separation of DNA strands 1 and 2
→ Duration:1minute
denaturation
Final temperature of amplicon solution should be cooling back to 5°C, this is to ensure proper bonding of newly synthesized strands of DNA
→ Cooling it down to stabilize everything
Cooling repeat cycle
→ Prior to sequencing, DNA must be amplified to get adequate amount
→ A,G,C,T fluorescent-labeled
dideoxynucleotides
→ Step1: Amplification, then Step2: Sequencing
→ Amplifying the DNA strands to
increase the amount available for sequencing
→ Sequencing involves examining the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA strands, which is not feasible without amplification
→ Colorimetric method: Utilizing color changes to measure the sequencing results
→ The first result shows bonds. Horizontal bonds are arranged vertically, and it is necessary to transcribe them.
→ The second result involves spikes, with colors used as references to sequence the DNA.
DNA Sequencing
replicates the DNA
DNA polymerase
- enable initiation of DNA
synthesis - A,G,C,T nucleotides
Primers
separates DNA strands by size
Gel electrophoresis
→ Often DNA samples must be amplified by PCR first
→ DNA is cut with restriction enzymes
→ Different individuals will have different lengths of DNA between the restriction sites
→ DNA is separated by gel electrophoresis and fragment pattern is compared
→ Relies on the parallelism of DNA bonds to identify individuals
DNA Fingerprinting
→ Gel is placed in a plastic mold with
electrodes to determine positive and negative sides
→ DNA samples are placed in wells,
typically on the negative side since
DNA is negatively charged
→ DNA migrates from the negative to positive side under the influence of
electricity, creating distinct bands
→ Differential migration occurs due to
variations in nucleotide weight; larger molecules migrate less distance, while smaller ones travel farther
Gel electrophoresis
are developed with the intention of improving human health and addressing various challenges in agriculture and food production.
GMOs
They are created by altering the genetic makeup of organisms, including plants and animals.
GMOs
→ Are normally used because they reproduce rapidly and efficiently.
→ They offer advantages in terms of cost, time, effort, and production
location.
→ have been developed to produce the following:
⧫ Insulin
⧫ Human growth hormone
⧫ Tissue plasminogen
activator (tPA)
⧫ Factor VIII (blood clotting
factor needed by many
hemophiliacs)
⧫ Vaccines
Transgenic bacteria
→ are becoming increasingly popular
and are commonly found in grocery stores.
→ While we often associate GMO plants with physical characteristics such as size, quality, and appearance, it’s important to note that it also enhances other traits like resistance to pests and diseases, and increased vitamin content.
Transgenic plants
Have been modified to express the following:
⧫ Increased resistance to freezing
⧫ Longer shelf life
⧫ Increased vitamin A
⧫ Human proteins (i.e.,
albumin)
⧫ Increased resistance to
pests
Transgenic plants
→ are bigger challenges
→ More difficult to introduce foreign
DNA into animal cells
→ Cloning more difficult
Transgenic animals
used to promote faster animal growth
Bovine Growth Hormone
introducing human genes into dairy animals in such a way that the human protein is produced in the dairy animal’s milk
Gene pharming
These genetically modified pigs are designed to be resistant to the
PRRS (Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome)
involves manipulating certain genetic sequences, but its primary goal is not always to enhance physical traits or confer resistance. Instead, its main objective is to treat or correct specific diseases or disorders by targeting the underlying genetic causes or regulating symptoms.
Gene therapy
is a condition where the body lacks the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA), a vital immune system enzyme. patients are highly susceptible to infections, and researchers are exploring genetic modification techniques to introduce functional ADA genes into their cells. This will restore ADA’s activity, enabling the production of B and T cells, enhancing the immune system’s defenses and improving the patient’s quality of life.
SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency)
Is a condition characterized by the over-accumulation of mucus, leading to blockages in the airways. Gene therapy has developed nasal sprays to address this issue, providing relief from mucus buildup when needed.
Cystic Fibrosis
People with SCID lack this enzyme
Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
In cancer treatment, gene therapy aims to modify _____ within the patient’s genes. These regulate cell growth, helping to inhibit or regulate the overproduction of cancer cells rather than directly killing them.
Interleukins
Membrane proteins that boost the infection rate.
M
____ is not for killing but coexisting
Vaccination
Contains the nucleus of the genetic material
N
Proteins involved in the assembly and release of mature viruses.
E
Human genes can be packaged in ____, which can introduce genes into human cells
Retroviruses
Spikes, which are attracted to receptors on human cells found in airways.
S
contain the genetic material of COVID, which helps your body build immunity against the virus. This allows your body to remember the virus and respond more effectively if you encounter it again, potentially reducing the severity of the infection. The genetic material in these vaccines can be either DNA or RNA.
Genetic vaccines
is used to amplify DNA, but COVID contains RNA instead. In this process, the RNA strand is converted into a DNA strand through a reversal process.
RT PCR
contain the entire virus, but it’s been killed or inactivated before being used in the vaccine. This allows your body to recognize the virus and build immune memory against it, without causing illness.
Inactivated vaccine
provide specific proteins from the virus to trigger an immune response without introducing the whole virus.
Protein vaccines
contain a weakened form of the virus that can still trigger an immune response but are not strong enough to cause illness.
Attenuated vaccines
Any poisonous chemical substance and its by-products or organism present in our immediate environment that negatively affects human health
- The chemicals of most concern are those that have very low solubilities in water but are highly soluble in fat.
Environmental toxins
Heavy metals directly contaminate soil, leading to immediate exposure risks. Sources: Similar to indirect pollution but directly affecting soil through industrial and domestic activities.
Direct pollution
Concentration: (Increases/decreases) along the food chain, with higher concentrations in organisms higher on the chain.
Increases
naturally occurring substances that accumulate and cause damage to the environment and living beings, including humans
include substances known as semimetals or metalloids that can have the same deleterious effects
Heavy metals
Common heavy metals
arsenic, lead, mercury
Heavy metals discharge into the environment, primarily via water systems, leading to contamination.
Sources: Natural sources like rocks, volcanic eruptions, and dust particles, as well as industrial and domestic activities.
Indirect pollution
Accumulation of heavy metals, in toxic amounts, in the soft tissues of the body. Symptoms may vary depending on the type of metal and the level of exposure, ranging from mild to severe neurological, respiratory, and gastrointestinal effects.
Heavy Metal poisoning
→ Found in topical creams, herbicides, and paints.
→ Symptoms: hyperpigmentation in
the skin and misalignment in the nails.
Arsenic
Found in batteries, paint, gasoline, and construction materials.
→ Symptoms: distal pore and Burton’s line in the gums.
Lead
Found in dental amalgam and liquid in thermometers.
→ Symptoms include tremors, visual and hearing impairments.
Mercury
→ Introduction of harmful substances into the environment.
→ Can be natural, such as volcanic emissions.
→ Can also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories.
Pollution
→ contamination of the indoor or outdoor air by a range of gasses and solids that modify its natural characteristics
→ mix of hazardous substances from both human-made and natural sources
→ Health Effects: Brain damage, stroke, asthma, allergy, bronchitis,
Air pollution
Good and beneficial
cause it prevents ultraviolet rays from reaching us
Stratosphere
Is not good and is
considered a pollutant
Troposphere
→ atmospheric conditions that trap
smog and prevent its dispersal
→ Control: air pollution abatement
measures
→ Normally, the atmosphere has a
layering of cold air at the top, followed by cooler air and warm air near the surface.
→ This pattern is disrupted: cold air becomes trapped at the surface under a layer of warmer air, forming an inversion layer.
→ At the bottom of this inversion layer, pollutants like smog can accumulate, leading to poor air quality.
→ There is an increase in temperature with altitude.
Thermal inversion
→ Excessive _____
leads to global warming
→ Human activities have increased
levels of CO,
→ Causes:
★ Deforestation
★ Burning of fossil fuels
→ Excessive levels, primarily carbon
dioxide, result in global warming.
→ It is normal to have this otherwise
the earth will be cold. However, excessive amounts would lead to Global Warming.
Greenhouse gasses
→ It is formed in the atmosphere
because of chemical reactions
between pollutants.
→ Vary in size (PM 2.5, PM 10) and
formed through chemical reactions
among pollutants.
→ Long term exposure is linked to irregular heartbeat, asthma exacerbation, decreased lung function, coughing, difficulty breathing, and premature death.
Particulate Matter (PM)
→ Produced from the interaction of
chemicals with the sunlight.
→ Can be brown or grayish blue.
→ Components of this include:
★ Nitrogen oxides
★ Hydrocarbons
★ Eye and respiratory irritants
★ Small oil droplets, wood particles, coal ash, asbestos, lead, animal waste, dust
Smog
Indicator of thermal inversion, caused by pollutants interacting with sunlight.
Smog
→ Harmful substances contaminating water ecosystems, degrading water quality and quantity, rendering it toxic to humans and other species.
→ Occurs when harmful substances contaminate a body of water which:
★ Degrades the water quality
★ Renders the water toxic to humans and environment
Water pollution
Origins of pollutants are diffuse and challenging to trace, such as agricultural runoff.
Non-point sources
Pollution can be directly traced to specific sources like factories, mines, and oil tankers.
Point sources
Immediate exposure to
contaminated water can lead to poisoning.
For example, drinking from polluted rivers or streams can result in acute toxicity.
Direct impact
- Releases toxic chemicals to the environment
- Waste discharges from factories and industrial activities.
Industrialization
→ Consumption of contaminated
organisms, such as fish, can lead to exposure to pollutants.
■ Bioaccumulation
→ Pollutants accumulate in the tissues of organisms and can affect humans higher up the food chain.
Indirect impact
- Pesticides, fertilizers and farm wastes
- Runoff from agricultural areas, including fields and farms.
agriculture
- Natural weathering
- Weathering of rocks, releasing
pollutants into water bodies.
Natural factors
Algal blooms due to nutrient-rich pollutants, leading to toxin production harmful to aquatic life and humans.
Red tide
Consequences of water pollution
Red tide, health impacts, dehydration and mortality
Primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, sensitive to changes in water quality and useful as biological indicators.
Phytoplankton
→ Flagellated
★ If you have sample water containing this, you’ll notice rapid movement due to their flagella.
→ Eye spot cytoplasm is in near the canal
→ greenincolor
→ very fast in terms of movement
★ Trachelomonassp. ★ Euglenasp.
Euglenophyta
→ thick cell wall made of silica
★ When they die the silica goes to the ocean floor
→ brown coloration.
★ Nitzschiasp.
★ Naviculasp. ★ Melosirasp. ★ Rhopalodia
Bacillariophyta
→ flagellar insertion
→ Pigmentation
→ Can swim in the water
→ Outer covering called the theca
→ Their cell wall is very thick
→ Cause red ride especially in coastal
areas
→ The toxins during the red tide is stable in hot and acidic environment
Dinophyta
→ known to be the green algae
→ chlorophyll-a and -b as
photosynthetic pigments
→ solitary colonial or filamentous
★ Oocystissp
★ Scenedesmussp ★ Pediastrumsp
Chlorophyta
→ Prokaryotic organisms lacking nucleus
→ Blue-green in nature
→ Can exist as solitary organisms or in colonies
→ Cause harmful algal blooms
→ Their population increases in environments with high pollutants
→ Contains pigments that enable
photosynthesis. ★ Anabaena
★ Chroococcus ★ Microcystis ★ Merismopedia
Cyanophyta
→ “Whooping cough”
→ Marked by a severe hacking cough
followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like a “whoop” due to the high intake of breath
Pertussis (Bacterial infection)
→ Infection in one or both of the lungs
→ Causes the air sacs of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus
→ The presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae initiates inflammation in the lungs, leading to signs and symptoms, while the rusty sputum is caused by a combination of fluid and pus along with our immune cells.
Pneumonia (Bacterial infection)
→ Chronic pulmonary and systemic disease
→ can also occur outside the lungs, known as extrapulmonary TB, but it is prevented by the PCG vaccine administered at birth, which helps prevent various forms of tuberculosis
○ Signs and Symptoms
↠ Cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer
↠ Coughing up blood
↠ Weakness
↠ Night sweats
↠ Weight loss
Tuberculosis (Bacterial infection)
→ Single-stranded enveloped RNA virus
○ Mode of Transmission
↠ Respiratory droplets
○ Signs and Symptoms
↠ 3 C’s (cough, coryza (runny nose), and conjunctivitis)
○ Diagnosis
↠ Presence of febrile rash illness (high fever and rash on the skin)
↠ Confirmatory: RT-PCR pf throat or nasopharyngeal swab
○ Treatment and Management
↠ MMR Vaccine given at 9
months after birth
↠ Supportive treatment only if acquired at a later age
Measles (Viral infection)
Flavivirus is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, although in some cases, it can also be transmitted by other species within the Aedes genus.
Dengue (Viral infection)
Dengue is transmitted by the _____ mosquito
Aedes
→ Novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
→ First detected in Wuhan, China
○ Mode of Transmission
↠ Respiratory droplets ○ Signs and Symptoms
↠ Mild to severe respiratory illness
○ Diagnosis
↠ RT-PCR using
nasopharyngeal swab
COVID-19 (Viral infection)
Emerging pathogen associated with multiple nosocomial infections Spreads easily in healthcare facilities
Candidiasis (Fungal infection)
Similar to pneumonia
Cause a rapidly progressive, bilateral pneumonia
Opportunistic infections can be present inside your body without showing signs and symptoms until your immune system becomes weakened.
Pneumocystis (Fungal infection)
→ Encapsulated yeasts that cause
→ meningoencephalitis
○ Causative Agent
↠ Cryptococcus neoformans ○ Mode of Transmission
↠ Present in soil and in birds (particularly pigeons)
○ SIgns and symptoms
↠ Cranial neuropathies,
altered mentation
↠ Lethargy
↠ Memory loss
↠ Signs of meningeal irritation
○ Treatment and Management
↠ Amphotericin B deoxycholate
Cryptococcosis
→ Infections from intestinal worms that are transmitted through contaminated soil
→ Persons at risk: children, farmers, soldiers, workers in direct contact with soil
Humans can become infected through the fecal-oral route.
Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis (Parasitic Infection)
→ An infection caused by a lung fluke that infects the lungs
→ Commonly misdiagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis
→ It is a preventable and treatable disease. However, due to misdiagnosis, many patients die because they are initially treated for pulmonary tuberculosis. Since the treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis typically lasts up to six months, patients are re-evaluated after this period, only to discover that they actually have ____. By this time, the infection might have proliferated significantly in the lungs, making it more challenging to recover.
○ Causative Agent
↠ Paragonimus westermanii
○ Mode of Transmission
↠ Ingestion of metacercariae
from inadequately cooked crab or crayfish
Paragonimiasis (Parasitic infection)
→ Commonly known as elephantiasis
→ The parasite is transmitted through
the bites of mosquitoes
○ Causative Agent
↠ Wuchereria bancrofti ○ Mode of Transmission
↠ Vector born
○ SIgns and symptoms
↠ Massive edema and elephantiasis
○ Treatment and Management ↠ Diethycarbamazine
Lymphatic Filariasis
Process of bacterial infection
Contamination, adherence, colonization, invasion, damage
→ Gain access to the host
→ Exposure to bacteria precedes ________. However, exposure doesn’t always lead to this, as the immune system usually defends against it. This occurs when the body’s defenses are weakened or compromised.
Contamination
Bacteria May adhere to the body if
they are particularly strong or if they breach the immune system’s defenses. Once adhered, they can colonize other parts of the body.
Adherence
______ involves bacteria attempting to overcome a specific part or organ. Once they cover the entire surface area successfully, colonization is achieved.
Colonization
Produce toxins or other agents that cause host harm
Damage
Following colonization, bacteria begin to ____ different tissues and move into various parts of the body.
Invade (Invasion)
→ is an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
→ Short incubation period from less than 1 to 5 days.
→ The bacterium produces an enterotoxin that causes its symptoms, in extreme cases the patient may die within 2-3 hours if no treatment is provided.
Cholera
→ leading cause of death in children under the age of 5 in developing
countries.
→ is a serious infection that can be
transmitted through the air via coughing or sneezing. It’s particularly common in hospitals, where many people become infected.
→ Pneumonia is the most serious of these infections but often can be treated with affordable medicines.
Acute respiratory infection
cannot be killed because they are not alive; they need a living organism to become activated.
Viral
Is a contagious disease of livestock (chicken, ducks ,birds) which may also cause severe infection in humans.
Bird flu
→ Is a mosquito-borne disease caused by any one of four closely
related dengue viruses.
→ Mode of transmission:
■ Bite of an Aedes mosquito infected with a dengue virus.
■ The mosquito becomes infected when it bites a person with dengue virus in their blood.
Dengue fever
is a novel coronavirus identified as the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 that began in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and spread worldwide.
(COVID-19) / SARS-CoV-2
was identified in 2003 as
the cause of an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome that began in China near the end of 2002.
SARS-CoV
was identified in 2012as
the cause of Middle East respiratory syndrome
MERS-CoV
A ______ comprises individuals of the same species occupying the same geographic area and interacting with each other.
population
→ Caused by Aspergillus that lives indoors or outdoors
→ People with weakened immune systems or lung diseases are at a higher risk of developing health problems
→ Aspergillus fungi, commonly found on spoiled food like stale bread, can cause ____ when inhaled, irritating the lungs. While not typically fatal, it can be problematic for those with allergies, asthma, or sensitive respiratory systems, as the fungi release spores that trigger respiratory issues.
Aspergilliosis
The ______ is the fundamental unit of ecology, consisting of interconnected communities of organisms and their physical environment. It encompasses both living organisms and abiotic factors, such as non-living entities and energy sources, which collectively influence population dynamics. This hierarchical system includes populations, communities, and the physical environment.
Ecosystem
is the branch of ecology that studies the structure and dynamics of the population.
Population ecology
number of individuals per unit area of volume refers to the number of individuals per unit area or volume.
Density
Pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population. It describes how spread out or clustered individuals are within a given area.
Dispersion
occurs when individuals
cluster together in specific areas where resources are
abundant.
→ This is common in cities where people migrate in search of better opportunities. However, as more individuals concentrate in these areas, competition for resources increases, leading to a decline in quality of life for some.
Clumped dispersion
→ individuals are evenly
distributed
→ This pattern may be
influenced by social interactions such as territoriality, as seen in species like the albatross, which require ample space for nesting and move to maintain a uniform distribution.
Uniform dispersion
→ the position of each
individual is independent of the other individual resulting in a pattern devoid of strong pressures or repulsions.
→ This randomness can lead to areas with high population density and others with none at all.
Random dispersion
→ age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population
→ describe the reproductive pattern
of a species, which can vary widely
across different organisms.
Reproductive Rates or Fertility Schedule
→ study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change
over time
→ is the study of vital statistics within a population and how they change over time. Demographers are particularly interested in tracking death rates and birth rates to understand population dynamics.
Demography
→ a graphic way of representing the
data in a life table
→ provide an age-specific summary of the survival pattern within a population, helping demographers track births and deaths in a given area.
Survivorship curves
depict individuals with a high probability of surviving until adulthood, such as humans.
Type 1 curves
represent individuals that
mostly die in the early stages of life.
Type 3 curves
show individuals whose
survival chances are independent of age, often seen in animals whose lifespan depends on various factors like activity levels and resource availability.
Type 2 curves
→ shows rapid population increase leading to surpassing the carrying capacity of the environment.
→ This scenario is unsustainable and can lead to chaos.
Exponential growth curve
→ Maximum rate of growth of a population under ideal conditions
→ is influenced by factors such as:
■ Number of offspring produced
■ Length of time it takes for individuals to reach reproductive maturity
■ Ratio of males to females,
■ Number of reproductive
age individuals.
→ In ideal environments with ample resources, absence of predators, and low disease prevalence, populations can grow rapidly.
Biotic potential
The green line represents
the _______, which should ideally increase at a slower pace over time.
→ This gradual increase allows for sustainable growth within the environment’s carrying capacity.
Actual population
→ The green arrows represent factors such as diseases, death due to old age, predation, and competition, which help regulate population growth by limiting reproduction.
→ This regulation prevents the population from increasing too rapidly, which could lead to chaos by surpassing the environment’s carrying capacity.
Effect of environmental resistance
The dashed line represents
the initial carrying capacity, which can fluctuate due to environmental conditions such as calamities or typhoons.
→ When the THIS decreases, it indicates that the environment is weakened and cannot fully support its inhabitants. However, it can recover over time.
Carrying capacity
The green arrows symbolize _____, such as limitations on resources, energy, space, predation, and diseases, which regulate population growth.
Environmental resistance
Calculate: the change in population/year is 4%
72/4 =18
So the population is likely to double in size in 18 years.
To calculate how long it takes for a population to double in size, you can use the rule of 72.
Population size that the environment can support indefinitely The dashed line above represents the carrying capacity, which ensures a sustainable balance and determines the standards that can support the population. Despiteidealconditionsinitially,as the population grows, environmental resistance eventually begins to decrease, challenging this equilibrium.
Carrying capacity
→ have birth and death rates that remain unaffected by population
density.
→ Natural calamities, such as
earthquakes and storms, are examples of this. These events impact ecosystems regardless of population density, disrupting the balance of populations.
Density independent population
Factors such as epidemics or disease outbreaks can spread more rapidly in densely populated areas due to increased social interaction and quicker transmission rates. Thus, the impact of these factors varies depending on population density, making them _______.
Density-dependent population
→ In densely populated areas,
competition for resources such as food, water, and space becomes intense.
→ This competition can occur not only within species but also between different species occupying the same ecological niche.
Competition for resources
→ is a form of competition
where individuals compete for specific geographic areas or territories.
→ This behavior is common among many animal species and can arise when resources, such as food, shelter, or mates, are limited.
Territoriality
In densely populated areas, the spread of diseases, particularly respiratory illnesses like the current epidemic, can occur more rapidly due to increased social interaction and proximity among individuals.
Diseases
As population density
increases, it can attract predators that prey preferentially on the abundant species.
→ This can lead to a natural regulation of the population size as predation helps control the population growth.
Predation
→ can accumulate in heavily
populated areas, posing significant risks to both humans and wildlife.
→ This environmental hazard can lead to various health issues and degrade the overall quality of life in affected areas.
→ Preventative measures and proper waste management are crucial to mitigate these risks and protect both human health and the environment.
Toxic wastes
The ________ sparked rapid population growth due to advances in agriculture, medicine, and transportation. hese improvements increased food production, healthcare access, and quality of life, leading to a surge in population. However, this growth has strained the environment and natural resources.
Industrial revolution
→ The movement from high birth and death rates toward low birth and death rates
→ involves a shift from high birth and death rates to lower rates as a country develops economically and industrially.
→ It’s ironic because during the industrial revolution, the population surged despite industrial growth. In modern times, as countries innovate, cultural attitudes towards family size change. Some opt for fewer children or delay parenthood, redefining what constitutes a family. This shift reflects changing beliefs influenced by technological advancement.
Demographic transition
→ number of people in each age group within a population
→ The graphsdepictagegroupsin
populations, with males in orange
and females in green.
→ Inabalancedpopulation,there’sa
significant middle-age group, crucial for the workforce. However, in rapidly growing populations, there are many children but fewer working-age individuals, leading to strain on resources. Conversely, in slowly growing populations, the workforce declines over time, posing challenges for future labor needs.
age structure
