ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Flashcards
When and where did photoautotrophs evolve
3.2 million years ago in shallow water
What offered photoautotrophs an unlimited supply of energy
sunlight
what is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration
oxygen
This is an example of a catabolic pathway because it releases stored energy by breaking down complex molecules (ex: Glucose is broken down to help produce ATP)
Cellular respiration
This takes place in the presence of oxygen, evolved after oxygen was added to Earth’s atmosphere
Aerobic respiration
Where does aerobic respiration take place
mitochondria
This takes place without oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
where does anaerobic respiration take place
cytoplasm
In Aerobic respiration, ___ is consumed as a reactant
oxygen
this is the most efficient because it can provide a high amount of adenosine triphosphate or ATP
aerobic respiration
what provides the fuels for respiration
the food we eat
→Partial degradation of sugars and
other organic fuel
→ No oxygen
→ It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
→ It also produce various products depending on the microbes
★ AppleCidervinegar
★ Cheese
★ Yogurt
→ Are also present in different places
such as inside the volcano, beneath the soil, deepest part of the ocean, and in our digestive tract.
fermentation
by doing this, you can deliver all the oxygen to your muscles
sleeping
this uses substances other than oxygen
anaerobic respiration
in fermentation, pyruvate can produce these three fungi/bacteria
Aspergillus, Lactobacillus, saccharomyces
what is an example product of aspergillus
soy sauce
what is an example product of lactobacillus
cheese, yogurt
saccharomyces can produce these 3 compounds
ethanol + CO2, ethanol, carbon dioxide
what is an example product of ethanol + co2
beer
what is an example product of carbon dioxide
bread
what is an example product of ethanol
wine
- Doesn’t use oxygen
- Inorganic or organic molecules are
used as final electron acceptors such hydrogen sulfide, sulfate ions, and others.
anaerobic respiration
what are the final acceptors in anaerobic respiration
inorganic or organic molecules
Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another
Relocation of electrons releases energy stored in organic molecules
This energy is used to synthesize ATP because an electron transfer requires both a donor and an acceptor - Oxidation and reduction always go hand in hand
RedOX reactions
Requires both a donor and acceptor
Electron transfer
addition of electrons
reduction
removal of electrons
oxidation
- is a molecule that carries energy with its cells
- it is the main currency of the cell
- it is an end product of the process of phosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
what is ATP comprised of
comprise of 3 phosphate groups, 1 sugar (ribose), and a nitrogenous base (adenine)
the removal or elimination of carboxyl from a molecule and releases carbon dioxide
decarboxylation
A phosphate group is transferred from an organic molecule to ADP to form ATP
substrate-level phosphorylation
what does NADH stand for
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen
what does NAD+ stand for
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
is a type of anaerobic pathway that harvests energy from carbohydrates
fermentation
Aerobic respiration and
Fermentation begins with the precisely same set of reactions in the cytoplasm and this is known as ____
glycolysis
“glyco” means
sugar
“lysis” means
breakdown
the goal of glycolysis is to break 6 carbon glucose into two molecules called
pyruvate
what will be produced in glycolysis
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and a total of 4 ATP
how many ATP is used in glycolysis
2
what is the net yield of ATP in glycolysis
2
what are the different products produced during glycolysis
starting point: glucose
glucose 6-phosphate
fructose 6-phosphate
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
1,3 - bisphosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
phosphoenolpyruvate.
end point: pyruvate
is a 3 carbon molecule
pyruvate
2 types of fermentation
lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation
the goal of this fermentation is to turn pyruvate to lactate
lactic acid fermentation
where does lactic acid fermentation occur
cytoplasm
lactic bacteria can carry out lactic acid fermentation such as
lactobacillus bulgaricus, and staphylococcus thermophilus
starting molecule of lactic acid fermentation
1 glucose
end product of lactic acid fermentation is
2 lactate
true or false: carbon dioxide is released in lactic acid fermentation
FALSE: No carbon dioxide is released in the process. All forms of fermentation except Lactic Acid Fermentation produce gas which plays a role in the laboratory identification of bacteria
net yield of lactic acid fermentation
2 ATP, 2 lactate
the pyruvate in lactic acid fermentation will undergo _____ to regenerate NADH to NAD to form 2 lactate
RedOx
animal skeletal muscles which move bones consist of cell fuels as long fibers. these fibers differ in how they make ATP. _____ fibers have many mitochondria and produce ATP by aerobic respiration
red fibers
these fibers sustain a prolonged activity such as marathon runs
red fiber
why are red fibers red?
because they have an abundance of myoglobin
____ is a protein that stores oxygen for aerobic respiration
myoglobin
what is the formula for aerobic respiration
C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) + 6 O₂ (oxygen) → 6 CO₂ (carbon dioxide) + 6 H₂O (water) + Energy
____ contain few mitochondria and no myoglobin so they do not carry a lot of aerobic respiration.
white muscle fibers
how do white muscle fibers make use of their ATP
lactate fermentation
It is used for quick strenuous activities such as weightlifting or sprinting.
white muscle fibers
how can muscle cells make ATP if there is too little or no oxygen for aerobic respiration to continue
lactic acid fermentation
Build up of lactic acid may lead to _______ and oxygen is required to get rid of excess lactic acid. So you rest your body or try to sleep.
muscle spasm
TRUE OR FALSE: Some lactate fermenters spoil
food but we use the others to preserve it.
TRUE
→ breaks down lactose in milk.
→ We use this bacteria to produce
dairy products such as Butter milk,
cheese, and yogurt.
→ We use this bacteria to preserve
and ferment pickles and kimchi
lactobacillus
goal is to turn pyruvate to ethanol
alcoholic fermentation
in alcoholic fermentation, the pyruvate will undergo____ to produce 2 molecules o acetaldehyde and 2 carbon dioxide
decarboxylation
the acetaldehyde will undergo ___ to regenerate the NADH to NAD and will form ethanol
RedOx
location of alcoholic fermentation
cytoplasm
true or false: carbon dioxide will be released in alcoholic fermentation
true: Carbon dioxide is released in
contrast with the Lactic Acid
Fermentation
what is the net yield of alcoholic fermentation
2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2CO2, 2 Ethanol
bakers use _____ capabilities of one’s spaces of yeast to make breads
alcoholic fermentation
cells breakdown ___ in bread dough and release ____
carbohydrates, carbon dioxide
the dough expands or rises as ___ forms bubbles in it
carbon dioxide
