Bio Q Got Wrong Flashcards
For evaluate explain trend on graph/results what must include
Evidence from graph/results if ask for it
How is energy for the photosynthesis reaction is gained by plants
-light captured/trapped/absorbed by chlorophyll/chloroplasts
How to deal with anomalous result
Did not use it in calculation
Why did rate of photosyntehsis decrease from 35 to 45
Enzymes loose shape of the active site
Are denatured
How do capillaries in lung hel lungs carry out efficient exchange of gases by diffusion
- surrounded by large capillary network
- remove oxygenated blood quickly
- bring co2 to lungs quickly
How does breathing enable the human lung to carry out efficient exchange of gases by diffusion
- breathing moves air in and out/lungs are ventillated
- maintains conc gradiernt
- brings in oxygen
- removes carbon dioxide
Differences between prokaryotic ell and eukaryotic cells
- pro no nucleus but euk do
- pro have single loop DNA but eu do
- pro smaller
- pro no mitochondria
- pro has plasmids
Prokaryotic cell
-bacteria
Eukaryotic cell
Plants
Animals
Algea
Fungi
What happens in each stage of cell cycle
Stage 1
-DNA / chromosomes replicate / duplicate
-mitochondria / ribosomes / sub- cellular structures increase in number
or mitochondria / ribosomes / sub-cellular structures replicate
Stage 2
-one set of chromosomes is pulled / moved to each end of the cell
Stage 3
-the cytoplasm and cell membrane divides (to form two cells)
Explain the ‘lock and key theory’ of enzyme action
enzyme binds to the substrate because they are complementary (shapes)
(so) substrate is broken down (into products)
(so) products are released or enzyme is not changed
Why does each iff type of lipase act on only one specific type of lipid molecule
each active site has a specific shape (so only fits one type of lipid molecule)
Why does the leaf in the light contain both glucose and starch
glucose from photosynthesis
(excess) glucose converted to starch
Why does the leaf without light contain glucose but did not contain starch
starch (stores) have been converted to glucose
(so the glucose can be) used for respiration / (named) metabolic reactions
or (so the glucose can be) used to release energy
(because) there is no light to make (new / more) glucose by photosynthesis
What type of defence response are thorns
Mechnical (physical)
How do thorns defend the plant
to deter herbivores
• to prevent animals damaging it
Causes for yellow leaves and stunted growth
- deficiency of nitrate ions in soil
- lack of magnesium ions in soil
- lack of sunlight
- infection by pathogen
- infected by aphids
Lack of magnesium ions- stunted growth and yellow leaves
so) not enough chlorophyll for (efficient) photosynthesis (1)
(so) not enough glucose to make proteins for growth
or not enough glucose to release energy for growth (1)
Infected by pathogen- stunted growth and leaves become yellow
so) leaves become discoloured / yellow so less photosynthesis (1)
(so) not enough glucose to make proteins for growth
or not enough glucose to release energy for growth (1)
Infected by aphids- stunted growth and yellow leaves
which) remove sugars from
phloem (1)
(so) not enough glucose to make proteins for growth
or not enough glucose to release energy for growth (1)
Lack of available light- stunted growth and yellow leaves
chlorophyll breaks down
(1)
(so) not enough glucose to make proteins for growth
or not enough glucose to release energy for growth
How do nodules benefit the bacteria
bacteria) obtain glucose / sugar (from the plant)
(glucose used) for respiration or (glucose used) for making other named substances
How do the nodules benefit the gorse plant
gorse plant) obtains nitrate (ions)
needed for amino acids / proteins
What plant material was chewed as a painkiller
Willow bark
Factors which should be controlled by study
BMI / morphology / obesity level • smoking habits • diet • medication • family history of liver disease • fitness levels • ethnicity • area of UK they live in
Percentage decrease equation
Change(large-smller)/larger number. X100
Aspects of survey that may reduce validity
people underestimate /
overestimate alcohol consumption
• people may change (lifestyle / drinking) habits over time
• some people may drink all their weekly alcohol at once
Effects of liver failure on human body -main points
- no bile made in liver
- lactic acid not broken down/oxidised
- proteins/ammino acids not broken down in liver
- liver does not break downn/remove other toxins(like alcohol)
- glycoge stores will not be formed
Effect on body of no biile being made
fats / lipids are not emulsified
surface area of fats / lipids not increased pH of smallintestine will not be alkaline/neutralised enzymes (in small intestine) will not work effectively or (named) food not digested / absorbed somayloseweight
Effect of lactic acid not broken down/oxidised on body
accumulation of lactic acid in blood / body
Lactic acid is toxic or body will be poisoned
o oxygen debt higher/prolonged
o so muscle pain/ fatigue
Effect of proteins/amino acid not being broken down in body
amino acids) not deaminated
o amino acids not made into urea or will not form ammonia
o (however)any ammonia formed is toxic
o so accumulation of amino acids in blood / body
Effect of liver not breaking down or removing other toxins such as alcohol on body
toxins accumulate in blood / body
o body will be poisoned
o so pain or jaundice or swollen liver or portal
hypertension occurs
Glycogen stores will not be formed effect on body
cannot control blood glucose
o so hyperglycaemia / hypoglycaemia / diabetes / coma may occur
Describe how mAbs and a dluorescent dye could be used to see anycanadia albicans pathogens on a slide
bind fluorescent dye to mAbs
put (bound) fluorescent mAbs on the slide (and rinse off)
mAbs will bind to Candida albicans / pathogens and show up under the microscope
How will increased phagocytosis of the canadia albicans pathogen will help the patient
more Candida albicans / pathogens will be engulfed / killed by phagocytes / white blood cells
therefore less damage to cells / tissues / organs
Ways a person with a mild infection of salmonella can help prevent the spread of the bacteria to other people
wash hands after using toilet / being sick or wash hands before preparing / handling food or do not prepare food (whilst infected) • isolate yourself • disinfect clothes / surfaces • do not share utensils / cutlery / towels
Why might a person with AIDS take longer than a healthy person to recover from a salmonella infection
immune system is damaged / weakened or immune system doesn’t function properly
white blood cells cannot kill bacteria / Salmonella (as effectively)
How can farmers prevent the transmission of salmonella from chickens to humans
give chickens) antibiotics
• don’t sell infected chickens / eggs
• keep infected chickens isolated / indoors
• slaughter the infected chickens
Give one change to the investigation that would allow the scientist to check if the results are repeatable
repeat and look to see if results are similar
Metabolic reaction in cells
respiration • formation of proteins • formation / breakdown of glycogen • breakdown of (excess) protein or formation of urea • photosynthesis or formation of glucose / starch (in plants
For experiment by student how many people as a minium
Atleast 5 in each in group
Why having more red blood cells is an advantage to an athlete
more haemoglobin
(therefore) more oxygen can be carried / transported
(for) more (aerobic) respiration of muscle (cells)
or
more energy released for muscle (cells)
Compare the structure of an artery with the sturcture of a vein
arteries have a thicker layer of muscle (tissue) or veins have a thinner layer of muscle (tissue)
• arteries have a thicker layer of elastic tissue or veins have a thinner layer of elastic tissue
• arteries have a narrower lumen or veins have a wider lumen
• arteries do not have valves and veins have valves
What condition may be treated using an artificial pacemaker
An irregular heart beat
Where is the pacemaker located
Right atrium
Osmosis explanation
-water entered by osmosis
from a dilute solution in the beaker to a more concentrated solution in the egg (cell)
through a partially permeable membrane
How to determine conc of solution inside each egg
use five (or more) different concentrations of salt / sugar solution (in beakers) (by) plotting percentage change (in mass / volume) on / using a graph determine the concentration where the curve / line crosses the zero percentage change (in mass / volume)
Why the mouthpiece of an aphid contains a high conc of dissolved sugars after feeding
mouthpiece) has pierced / entered the phloem
or
(the aphid) has been feeding from the phloem
How use protein to make specific monoclonal antibody
inject the protein / it into a mouse
combine lymphocytes with tumour / cancer cells to make hybridoma (cells)
find a hybridoma which makes a monoclonal antibody specific to PVY
(the scientist) clones (the hybridoma) to produce many cells (to make the antibody
Test for protein
Buiret
-blue to lilac if positive
Why the measurement of the time taken for the indicator to become colourless might become inaccurate
observation of colour change is subjective / based on opinion
Reslution
Ability to distinguish between two or more objects that are close together
Why cant see image
-no cells in the field of view • slide not in the correct position • mirror not in correct position • (objective) lens not clicked into place or (objective) lens dirty • (student is) looking at a (large) air bubble • (the microscope is) not focussed
Magnification
-how many times larger an image is when seen through a microscope compared to the real object
Dependant variable- potato tube experiment
% change in mass
Control variables for potato tube experiment
- vol solution used
- same type of potato
- same duration
- same temp
Safety- potato tube
-safetygoggles prevent salt solution entering eyes
Why is a certain animal used in an experiment
- small-easy to keep- take up less room
- easy to breed
What is the purpose of the knobs
to focus (the image / cells)
Similarities between rbc and plant cells
Both have
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- pigments (although diff)
Diff between rbc and plant cell
red blood cell has no nucleus or plant cell has a nucleus
• red blood cell has no cell wall or plant cell has a cell wall
• red blood cell is a biconcave disc or there are many different
shapes of plant cell
• red blood cell contains haemoglobin or plant cells do not contain
haemoglobin
• red blood cells do not contain chlorophyll or plant cells (may)
contain chlorophyll
• red blood cell has no chloroplasts or plant cell has chloroplasts • red blood cell has no (permanent) vacuole or plant cell has
(permanent) vacuole
• red blood cells are (much) smaller than plant cells
Aseptic techniques
sterilise equipment / surfaces (before use)
• (use) sterilised agar
• secure lid of the Petri dish with (adhesive) tape
• only lift lid of Petri dish a little (when setting up plate)
or lift lid of Petri dish at an angle (when setting up plate)
How to improve experiment w/ antibiotic experiment
repeat and calculate a mean • repeat and eliminate anomalies • use a control disc • use different types of bacteria
Explain the financial impact on the uk economy of increasing number of people who are obese
costs the NHS / UK health service / Government / hospitals
more money
(because need to pay for) additional surgery / medication / hospital stay to treat stroke / diabetes
or
more time off work (if in hospital / unwell) (1)
(so) employer / Government have to give financial support (1
How could arthritus affect a person’s lifestyle
movement issues • loss of job / income • disability • mental health impact of lack of movement or mental health impact of pain • need to visit the doctor / take medication regularly • may need surgery
Health conditions might develop if person consumes diet high in sat fat
type 2 diabetes
CVD / CHD
or
heart attack / disease
or
strokeUses of energy released in respiration
movement / muscle contraction
• keeping warm
• active transport
• building larger molecules
Diff between aerobic and anearobc respiration
anaerobic produces lactic
acid and aerobic does not
• aerobic produces carbon dioxide and anaerobic does not
• aerobic produces water and anaerobic does not
• aerobic occurs (mainly) in the mitochondria and anaerobic does not
• anaerobic releases less energy than aerobic
Products of anaerobic respiration in plant cells
Carbon dioxide
Ethanol
Why does the conc of carbon dioxide in the tube stay the same (when pond snail and plant are present)
pondweed takes in CO2 for photosynthesis
snail and pondweed are respiring producing CO2
Why the conc of co2 increased (when light covered, plant and snail present)
no light so) no photosynthesis or plant is not taking in CO2 and snail and plant are respiring and so are releasing CO2
Why the death of the snail caused the conc of co2 to increase
snail is being decayed / decomposed / broken down
by) decomposers / bacteria (in pond water / snail
(therefore) respiration (of decomposers / bacteria) releases CO2
Explain how amylase breaks down starch
starch / substrate binds to active site (of enzyme)
(because) shape of active site and substrate are complementary
a chemical reaction occurs to produce smaller molecules or
bonds between the (starch) molecules are broken to produce smaller molecules
Control variables in efefct of ph on amylase
time before mixing (starch and amylase) solutions • volume / 5 cm3 of starch (solution) • volume / 1 cm3 of amylase (solution) • volume / 1 drop of mixture added to spotting tile • volume / 2 drops of iodine (solution)
Why at 5 degrees is there no enzymatic activity
at 5 °C amylase / starch / molecules have low (kinetic) energy
(therefore) there are fewer (enzyme-substrate) collisions
Describe the student could exend the investigation to determine the effect of a diff factor on amylase activity
Keep temp constant
-change named factor
AND
-test range of values of named factpr
Which cell structure in a leaf mesophyll cell is not found in a root hair cell
Chloroplasts
Why is it dangerous for a patient with group a to recieve rbc from a donor w/ blood group b
anti-B antibodies in patient / receiver / recipient
will bind to type B antigens on person’s / donor’s red blood cells
(so) red blood cells clump together and are wider than capillaries
or
(so) red blood cells clump together and block capillaries
(so) cells have reduced supply of oxygen / glucose
or
(so) cells can’t respire
What enzyme needs bile to neutralise stomach acid
Lipase
