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7-ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Ecosystems

A

The interaction of a communityof living organisms with abiotic parts of their environment

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2
Q

Abiotic

A

Non living components of ecosystem

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3
Q

Interdependance

A

Organisms working together to provide food and safety for each other
A network of relationships between different organisms within a community

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4
Q

How light intensty affects living organisms

A

-if less light intensity-plants grow less

less food for other organisms

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5
Q

How temp affects living organisms

A

-if tooo hot/cold plants and animals wont grow/ will die

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6
Q

How moisture levels affect living organisms

A

Too little moisture, plants wont grow

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7
Q

How soil ph and mineral ion levels affect living organisms

A

If too acidic/alkali/not enough mineral ions plants wont grow
No food for animals

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8
Q

How oxygen conc affects living organisms

A

If too little oxygen, animals cant respire

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9
Q

How co2 conc affects living organsims

A

If too little co2, plants cant respire

No food for animals

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10
Q

How availability of food affects living organisms

A

Too little- animals will die

Too much- inflation of a certain animal, decrease of another thing in food chain

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11
Q

How new pathogens or parisites affects living organisms

A

Animals will be kileld off, affect other in food chain

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12
Q

How new predators affect living organisms

A

Prey will decrease in food chain- more plants

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13
Q

How interspecific competition affects living organisms

A

Decrease in one of the species

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14
Q

Biodiversity

A

Measure of the variety of all the diff species on the earth

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15
Q

Habitat

A

Place in which living organisms are

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16
Q

Population

A

Number of organisms of a particular species in an area

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17
Q

Community

A

Made up of a number of diff species

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18
Q

How temp affects decomposition

A

Chemical reactions in mo work better in warmer conditions

  • if too hot- enzymes denature
  • too low- rate of reaction too low
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19
Q

How moisture affect decomposition

A

Makes it easierfor the mo to digest the organic matter

Water needed for chemical reactions which occurs in solution

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20
Q

How does oxygen affect decomposition

A

Some of mo are anearobic so doesnt affect

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21
Q

Rate of decay

A

Chage in mass(g)/time (Day)

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22
Q

Decomposion of waste material in anaerobic conditions

A
  • when bacteria decomposes waste materials in anaerobic conditions- methane is produced
  • takes place in biogas generators -used for fuel
  • exothermic
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23
Q

Compost

A

Used as a natural fertiliser for growing plants or crops

-gardeners// farmers use to provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of biological material

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24
Q

Producer

A

Organisms that photosynthesise
Use energy from sun
Alage and plants

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25
Primary consumer
Organism that eats the producer
26
Tertiary consumer
Organism that feeds on smaller consumer carnivores in the food chain
27
Decomposers
Bacteria and fugi which break down dead plant and animal matter by secreting enzymes into environment- small soluble food molecules diffuse into mo
28
Herbivores
Only eat producers
29
Carnivores
Eat other animals
30
Apex predators
Carnivores with no predators
31
Detritus feeders
Animals that eat dead animals and plant matter | Eg. Earthworms
32
Efficiency of biomss tranfer
Should be 90% Bioass after transfer x 100/ biomass before transfer
33
What happens to most of the suns energy
- disapated as heat, some of sunlight hit ground and dissapate as heat - some of sunlight is worng wavelength to be absorbed by plants - some of sunlight passes through the leaf - some of sunlight is refelected - approx 1% of incident light energy is used as photosynthesis
34
Gross production
-total quantity of energy that the plants in a community convert to organic matter
35
Why is energy tranfer to primary and secondary consumers less
- material not digested - food thats not eaten - respiration- large amounts of glucose used - excretion- production of waste and egestion
36
Types of pollution
Water- sewage, fertiliser, toxic chemicals Air- smoke, acidic gases Land- landfill and toxic chemicals
37
How environmental changes affect distribution of sepecies of an ecosystem
Need to more availability of water composition of atmospheric gases Changes may be seasonal, geographical or human interaction
38
Why have pollution levels increased
Rapid growth in human population and increase of high standard of living means resources have an increased usage porudced
39
C02 source
Burning fossil fuels | Car exhausts
40
Methane sources
Rotting plants Marshlands Rice growing Cattle farming
41
N0 sources
-bacteria in soil and oceans Soils when fertiliser is used Vehicle engines and industry
42
CFC sources
Man made chemical used in aerosol sprays and fridges
43
Water vapour sources
Evaporation of water from oceans
44
Acid rain
- sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide produced dissolves into rain - damages plants, animals, lakes and rivers Nitrogenoxide from carrs Sulfur dioxide from factories/ burning fossil fuels
45
Carbon monoxide
- poisenous gas emmitted when fossil fuels without enough air/oxygen supply - to prevent most modern cars have catalytic convertors co—> co2
46
Predator
Organism that hunts for and kills other organisms to gain energy
47
Prey
An organism that is hunted for and killed by another organism
48
Predator and prey relationship
- prey population more than predators - number of predators increases - less prey because more being eaten - less predators due to less prey
49
Combustion
When wood or fossl fuelsare byrnt contain lots of carbon- co2 is produced-released into atmosphere
50
Condensation
When water vapour cools and turns into clouds
51
Precipitation
Rain/hail/sleet/snow falls from clouds
52
Transpiration
When sun heat up water from leaves on plants// evaporation fo water from leaves
53
Surface run off
When water runs off the surface of the ground
54
Groundwater flow
When water flows through the rocks and soil underground
55
Evaporation
Sun heats up water fro sea and moves up into air
56
Peat bogs
Waterlogged acidic bohhs which produce peat over thousands of years by growth of mosses and other plants Dont decay -produces peat
57
Why dont plants decay in peat bogs
- water logged bog provides anaerobic conditions | - acidity of bog
58
Uses of peat
- can be dried and burnt as fuel- releases co2 - when mixed iwth soil- compost - improved osil structure and mineral retention - decay of peat produces co2
59
Food security
-having enough food to feed a population
60
Factors that decrease food security-changing diet in developing countries
Poeple have more money, want more variety so import foods Communities depend on buying rather than growing Local people dont have enough and prices go up- too expensive More wealth=more meat and fish
61
Factors that decrease food security- increase in birth rate
- more food needed to go round - often due to cultural reasons0 large familes are respected - some religions dont approve of contraception - children needed to work
62
Factors that decrease food security-environmental changes
- expansion of deserts and droghts - less land for agriculture - flooding - crops failure to grow or rot in fields
63
How conflicts impact food security
- people fighting on land- not able to use - trade routes disrupted - damage as a result of war
64
How pests and pathogens affect food security
-damage crops
65
Factors that increase food security
- maintaining soil quality - plants grow well every year - cheaper more food can be grown - taking care of fish stocks - so dot run out
66
How vegetarianism makes food production more efficient
-energy is lost as food moves up tophic levels sp by eating animals— adds another level
67
How artificially managed food production impacts efficiency of food production
-farmers want to ensure more food energy is converted into biomass
68
How to artificially improve efficiencyof food production
- limit movement of animals - less energy is lost through repsiration - controlling temp of surroundings - less energy lost thorugh heating of chickens- thermoregulation
69
Factors that affect welare of chickens
- food gievn - space- how closely packed - bacteria/diseases
70
Factors taht will affect how much money the farmer will make
- amount of animals - amount of space needed - food quality
71
How does global warming happen
- energy tranferred from sun - energy reflected and tranferred into space - energy redirected back to earth - energy absorbed b greenhouse gases in atmosphere
72
How does global warming impact world
- extinct animals - extreme weather - kills coral reefs - ice melts, sea levels rise
73
Adv of farming animals in small areas
- more eficient - less energy wasted through movement being reduced - less expensive - more energy is transferred int biomass
74
Disadv of farming animals in small areas
- unethical- uncomfortable - disease is easily spread - antiobiotics used- impacts humans- antiobiotic resistance - stress behavoir -eg. Plucking - worse quality of meat - fish population decreases - protection of fish stocks
75
Adv of feeding animals high protein food
- increases growth | - more efficient
76
Disadv of feeding animals high protein foods
- expensive - unnatural - adds another trophic level - eg. Fish used in chicken food
77
Adv net catching methods eg trawiling
- large catch-more effective | - less expensive
78
Disadv of net catching methods eg. Trawling
- can lead to overfishing | - catching other animals eg. Dolphins
79
Biomass
- mass of material in living organism - measured in g - measured dry because of the presence of varying amounts of water making it unreliable

Biology (12 decks)

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