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Biology > 7-ecology > Flashcards

7-ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecosystems

A

The interaction of a communityof living organisms with abiotic parts of their environment

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2
Q

Abiotic

A

Non living components of ecosystem

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3
Q

Interdependance

A

Organisms working together to provide food and safety for each other
A network of relationships between different organisms within a community

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4
Q

How light intensty affects living organisms

A

-if less light intensity-plants grow less

less food for other organisms

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5
Q

How temp affects living organisms

A

-if tooo hot/cold plants and animals wont grow/ will die

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6
Q

How moisture levels affect living organisms

A

Too little moisture, plants wont grow

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7
Q

How soil ph and mineral ion levels affect living organisms

A

If too acidic/alkali/not enough mineral ions plants wont grow
No food for animals

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8
Q

How oxygen conc affects living organisms

A

If too little oxygen, animals cant respire

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9
Q

How co2 conc affects living organsims

A

If too little co2, plants cant respire

No food for animals

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10
Q

How availability of food affects living organisms

A

Too little- animals will die

Too much- inflation of a certain animal, decrease of another thing in food chain

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11
Q

How new pathogens or parisites affects living organisms

A

Animals will be kileld off, affect other in food chain

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12
Q

How new predators affect living organisms

A

Prey will decrease in food chain- more plants

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13
Q

How interspecific competition affects living organisms

A

Decrease in one of the species

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14
Q

Biodiversity

A

Measure of the variety of all the diff species on the earth

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15
Q

Habitat

A

Place in which living organisms are

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16
Q

Population

A

Number of organisms of a particular species in an area

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17
Q

Community

A

Made up of a number of diff species

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18
Q

How temp affects decomposition

A

Chemical reactions in mo work better in warmer conditions

  • if too hot- enzymes denature
  • too low- rate of reaction too low
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19
Q

How moisture affect decomposition

A

Makes it easierfor the mo to digest the organic matter

Water needed for chemical reactions which occurs in solution

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20
Q

How does oxygen affect decomposition

A

Some of mo are anearobic so doesnt affect

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21
Q

Rate of decay

A

Chage in mass(g)/time (Day)

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22
Q

Decomposion of waste material in anaerobic conditions

A
  • when bacteria decomposes waste materials in anaerobic conditions- methane is produced
  • takes place in biogas generators -used for fuel
  • exothermic
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23
Q

Compost

A

Used as a natural fertiliser for growing plants or crops

-gardeners// farmers use to provide optimum conditions for rapid decay of biological material

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24
Q

Producer

A

Organisms that photosynthesise
Use energy from sun
Alage and plants

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25
Q

Primary consumer

A

Organism that eats the producer

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26
Q

Tertiary consumer

A

Organism that feeds on smaller consumer carnivores in the food chain

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27
Q

Decomposers

A

Bacteria and fugi which break down dead plant and animal matter
by secreting enzymes into environment-
small soluble food molecules diffuse into mo

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28
Q

Herbivores

A

Only eat producers

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29
Q

Carnivores

A

Eat other animals

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30
Q

Apex predators

A

Carnivores with no predators

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31
Q

Detritus feeders

A

Animals that eat dead animals and plant matter

Eg. Earthworms

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32
Q

Efficiency of biomss tranfer

A

Should be 90%

Bioass after transfer x 100/ biomass before transfer

33
Q

What happens to most of the suns energy

A
  • disapated as heat, some of sunlight hit ground and dissapate as heat
  • some of sunlight is worng wavelength to be absorbed by plants
  • some of sunlight passes through the leaf
  • some of sunlight is refelected
  • approx 1% of incident light energy is used as photosynthesis
34
Q

Gross production

A

-total quantity of energy that the plants in a community convert to organic matter

35
Q

Why is energy tranfer to primary and secondary consumers less

A
  • material not digested
  • food thats not eaten
  • respiration- large amounts of glucose used
  • excretion- production of waste and egestion
36
Q

Types of pollution

A

Water- sewage, fertiliser, toxic chemicals
Air- smoke, acidic gases
Land- landfill and toxic chemicals

37
Q

How environmental changes affect distribution of sepecies of an ecosystem

A

Need to more
availability of water
composition of atmospheric gases
Changes may be seasonal, geographical or human interaction

38
Q

Why have pollution levels increased

A

Rapid growth in human population and increase of high standard of living means resources have an increased usage porudced

39
Q

C02 source

A

Burning fossil fuels

Car exhausts

40
Q

Methane sources

A

Rotting plants
Marshlands
Rice growing
Cattle farming

41
Q

N0 sources

A

-bacteria in soil and oceans
Soils when fertiliser is used
Vehicle engines and industry

42
Q

CFC sources

A

Man made chemical used in aerosol sprays and fridges

43
Q

Water vapour sources

A

Evaporation of water from oceans

44
Q

Acid rain

A
  • sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide produced dissolves into rain
  • damages plants, animals, lakes and rivers

Nitrogenoxide from carrs
Sulfur dioxide from factories/ burning fossil fuels

45
Q

Carbon monoxide

A
  • poisenous gas emmitted when fossil fuels without enough air/oxygen supply
  • to prevent most modern cars have catalytic convertors co—> co2
46
Q

Predator

A

Organism that hunts for and kills other organisms to gain energy

47
Q

Prey

A

An organism that is hunted for and killed by another organism

48
Q

Predator and prey relationship

A
  • prey population more than predators
  • number of predators increases
  • less prey because more being eaten
  • less predators due to less prey
49
Q

Combustion

A

When wood or fossl fuelsare byrnt contain lots of carbon- co2 is produced-released into atmosphere

50
Q

Condensation

A

When water vapour cools and turns into clouds

51
Q

Precipitation

A

Rain/hail/sleet/snow falls from clouds

52
Q

Transpiration

A

When sun heat up water from leaves on plants// evaporation fo water from leaves

53
Q

Surface run off

A

When water runs off the surface of the ground

54
Q

Groundwater flow

A

When water flows through the rocks and soil underground

55
Q

Evaporation

A

Sun heats up water fro sea and moves up into air

56
Q

Peat bogs

A

Waterlogged acidic bohhs which produce peat over thousands of years by growth of mosses and other plants
Dont decay -produces peat

57
Q

Why dont plants decay in peat bogs

A
  • water logged bog provides anaerobic conditions

- acidity of bog

58
Q

Uses of peat

A
  • can be dried and burnt as fuel- releases co2
  • when mixed iwth soil- compost
    • improved osil structure and mineral retention
  • decay of peat produces co2
59
Q

Food security

A

-having enough food to feed a population

60
Q

Factors that decrease food security-changing diet in developing countries

A

Poeple have more money, want more variety so import foods
Communities depend on buying rather than growing
Local people dont have enough and prices go up- too expensive
More wealth=more meat and fish

61
Q

Factors that decrease food security- increase in birth rate

A
  • more food needed to go round
  • often due to cultural reasons0 large familes are respected
    - some religions dont approve of contraception
  • children needed to work
62
Q

Factors that decrease food security-environmental changes

A
  • expansion of deserts and droghts
    • less land for agriculture
  • flooding
    • crops failure to grow or rot in fields
63
Q

How conflicts impact food security

A
  • people fighting on land- not able to use
  • trade routes disrupted
  • damage as a result of war
64
Q

How pests and pathogens affect food security

A

-damage crops

65
Q

Factors that increase food security

A
  • maintaining soil quality
    • plants grow well every year
    • cheaper more food can be grown
  • taking care of fish stocks
    • so dot run out
66
Q

How vegetarianism makes food production more efficient

A

-energy is lost as food moves up tophic levels sp by eating animals— adds another level

67
Q

How artificially managed food production impacts efficiency of food production

A

-farmers want to ensure more food energy is converted into biomass

68
Q

How to artificially improve efficiencyof food production

A
  • limit movement of animals
    • less energy is lost through repsiration
  • controlling temp of surroundings
    • less energy lost thorugh heating of chickens- thermoregulation
69
Q

Factors that affect welare of chickens

A
  • food gievn
  • space- how closely packed
  • bacteria/diseases
70
Q

Factors taht will affect how much money the farmer will make

A
  • amount of animals
  • amount of space needed
  • food quality
71
Q

How does global warming happen

A
  • energy tranferred from sun
  • energy reflected and tranferred into space
  • energy redirected back to earth
  • energy absorbed b greenhouse gases in atmosphere
72
Q

How does global warming impact world

A
  • extinct animals
  • extreme weather
  • kills coral reefs
  • ice melts, sea levels rise
73
Q

Adv of farming animals in small areas

A
  • more eficient
    • less energy wasted through movement being reduced
  • less expensive
  • more energy is transferred int biomass
74
Q

Disadv of farming animals in small areas

A
  • unethical- uncomfortable
  • disease is easily spread
    • antiobiotics used- impacts humans- antiobiotic resistance
  • stress behavoir -eg. Plucking
  • worse quality of meat
  • fish population decreases
    • protection of fish stocks
75
Q

Adv of feeding animals high protein food

A
  • increases growth

- more efficient

76
Q

Disadv of feeding animals high protein foods

A
  • expensive
  • unnatural
  • adds another trophic level
    • eg. Fish used in chicken food
77
Q

Adv net catching methods eg trawiling

A
  • large catch-more effective

- less expensive

78
Q

Disadv of net catching methods eg. Trawling

A
  • can lead to overfishing

- catching other animals eg. Dolphins

79
Q

Biomass

A
  • mass of material in living organism
  • measured in g
  • measured dry because of the presence of varying amounts of water making it unreliable

Biology (12 decks)

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