Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > 5- Homeostasis And Response > Flashcards

5- Homeostasis And Response Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes

  • controls
    • blood glucose conc
    • body temp
    • water levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Thermoregulation

A
  • body temp is monitored and controlled by thermoregulatory centre in the brain
  • thermoregularit centre contains receptors sensitive to temp of blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens if body temp is too high

A
  • above 40
  • enzymes begin to denature
    • digestion, respiration and oter chem reactions in bodies to keep organism alive affected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens if body temp too low

A
  • below 35
  • enzymes dont work as effecctively
    • rate of reaction slower
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Body response to body temp too high

A
  • detected by skin temp receptors
  • capillaries dilate (vasodilation)
    • get bigger
    • heat lost through skin s more blood passes through capillaries
  • lots of sweat produced
    • evaporation causes heat to be lost from skin
  • hairs lie flat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Body response to body temp too low

A
  • capillaries constrict (vasoconstriction)
    • reduce blood flow, less heat loss through skin
  • little/no sweat produced
  • hairs pulled erect
    • to trap insulating layer of air
  • skeletal muscles contract-shiver
    • releases heat due to increased respiration in muscle cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Endocrine system

A

Made up of endocrene glands which secrete chemicals caled hormones into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hormone

A
  • A chemical messenger produced in an endoxrine gland and is secreted by that gland
  • travels in bloood stream to have an effect on another area of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • found in brain- little ball bit near front
  • master gland- control all other glands
  • controls growth
  • stimulates thyroid, ovaries and testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pancreas

A
  • next to stomach
  • produces insulin
  • control blood glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Thyroid

A
  • bow tie in neck
  • thyroxine
  • controls metabolic rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Adrenal gland

A
  • above kidney
  • adrenaliine
  • flight or fight response
    • responds to danger/excitement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ovaries

A
  • oestrogen
  • controls menstrual system
  • secondray sexual female characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Testes

A
  • testosterone
  • controls sperm production
  • male secondary sexual characteristcs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nervous system vs hormones system

A
  • hormoes slower
  • hormones last for a long time
  • hormones act in a more general way
  • nerves act n a v.precise area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Osmoreguation

A

-kidneys maintaining optimum water and salt conc in blood and body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

-kidneys filter the blood under pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is osmoregulation important

A
  • ensures body can function properly

- eg. Cooling, circulation, excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens if water conc too high

A
  • water moves into cells b osmosis

- cells will burst

20
Q

What happens if water conc too low

A
  • water will leave cells into blood

- cels shrink and die

21
Q

Body response to water conc increase

A
  • hypothalamus detect change
  • pituitary release less ADH
  • less water reabsorbed from filtrate
    • kidny nephrons less permeable
  • lots of urine is produced and excreted
22
Q

Body response to water conc too low

A
  • hypothalamus detect change
  • pituatary relase more ADH
  • ADH targets kidney nephrons for collecting ducts to be more permeablle so more water reabsorbed
  • less urine produced
23
Q

Kidney failure

A
  • kidneys can be damaged and destroyed by infections, accient or genetic problems
  • toxins (eg. Urea) build up in body, mineral iona nd water balance of body not maintained
  • cells can be damaged by osmosis
24
Q

Negatives of dialysis

A
  • carefully control proteiin intake- keep urea levels low
  • control salt consumption- kidney cant remove excess mineral ions
  • expensive NHS
  • time consuking
  • over time, more diff for dialysis to take place
  • only short time when balance of chemicals correct
    • tired and unwell until next session
25
Q

Adv kidney transplant

A
  • patient can live more normal life
  • cheaper for nhs overall
  • no controlled diet needed
26
Q

Disadv kidney transplant

A
  • shortage of organ donations
  • kidney only lasts 8-9 years
  • normal infection risk
  • must take immuno suppressants for the rest of life to avoid rejection
    • negative side effects
27
Q

Main functions of kidneys

A
  • remove waste products (eg. Urea from body)
  • maintain water and salt balance in body -osmoregulation
  • kidneys remove excess mineral ions and extrete them in urine
28
Q

Selective reabsorption

A
  • molecules removed from blood earlier reabsorbed int blood

- eg. Glucose, some water, some ions

29
Q

Excretion

A
  • body releasing and removing harmful waste products from the body hrough breathing, sweating and urinating
  • lungs- co2 and water removed at lungs when breathing out
  • skin- water, ions, urea are removed/excreted through the skin
30
Q

Excretion in kidney

A
  • urea produed by liver
    • deammination- ammonia is produced as waste product of breaking down amino acids, converted into urea
  • urea removed from blod by the liver
  • urine stored in bladder
31
Q

Gibberellins

A

-important in seed germination

32
Q

Ethene

A

-controls cell division and ripening of fruits

33
Q

Tropism

A

-growth movement towards or away from a stimulus(change in environment)

34
Q

Positive phototropism

A
  • in shoot
  • auxin molecules accumulate/move to opposite side to the light source
  • auxin molecles encourage cell elongation
  • shoot grows longer on shaded side- shoot grows towards light source
35
Q

Positive gravitropim

A
  • root
  • gravity
  • auxin molecules gather on lower side
  • auxin molecules in roots inhibits cell elongation meaning the root grows downwards/ direction of force of gravity
36
Q

Negative gravitropism

A
  • gravity
  • shoot
  • auxin molecules gather on lower side
  • auxin in shoot encourages cell elongation meaniing the shoot grows upwatfs, against the direction of force of gravity
37
Q

Glucose levels too high

A
  • pancreas reavts
  • insulin released from pancreas
  • liver recieves insulin
  • liver takes in glucose from blood stream and makes glucogen (glucose molecules together0
  • glycogen stored in liver and muscles
38
Q

Glucose levels too low

A
  • pancrease monitors
  • glucagon relased from pancreas
  • liver recieves glucagon
  • glycogen split up into glucose
  • glucose released into blood stream
39
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A
  • pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin
  • uncontrolled high blood glucose levels
  • treated with insulin injections
40
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A
  • body cells dont respond to insulin produced by pancreas
  • obesity is a risk factor for type 2
  • controlled with a carb- controlled diet and exercise regime
41
Q

How can excess blood sugars cause death

A
  • blood glucose levels too high- water conc too low
  • due to osmosiis- water leave cell to increase water conc in blood
    • cell can shrink and die- in brain- death
42
Q

How can diabeted be controlled

A

Careful attention-prevent sharp spikes in glucose levels
Exercise- for fuel in respiration, blood glucose levels lowered due to excersise
Injecting insulin- insulin signals to liver to take glucose from bloodstream, liver converts and stores glucose as glycogen

43
Q

Adrenaline

A
  • reacts to danger/excitement stimulus
  • increases heart rate and moves the blood away from the skin
  • boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles
44
Q

How body reacts to danger/exciteent stimulus

A
  • hypothalamus stimulates adrenal glands (just above kindeys)
  • adrenaline relased
  • high blood adrenaline- body reacts w/ threat or excitement dealt with- no more stimulus
  • hypothalamus stops stimulting adrenal glands
  • adrenaline stopped being secreted
  • low blood adrenaline levels (normal)
45
Q

Thyroxine

A
  • regulates metabolism- basal metabolic rate
    • speed at which chemical reactions occur when at rest
  • important in stimulating protein synthesis for growth and development
  • negatibe feedback
46
Q

Thyroxine levels too high

A
  • hypothalamus spots thos
  • stops stimulating pituitary gland
  • pituitary gland stops stimulating thyroid gland
47
Q

Thyroxine levels too low

A
  • hypothalamus spots tis
  • starts stimulating pituitaru gland
    • whcih stimulates thyroid gland
  • thyroxine released, level rises in blood
  • basal metabolic rate rises

Biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions