Bio Lab Quiz 3 (Labs 11, 2, and 3)

Question 1

What is a genealogy

Answer 1

An ancestor and its descendants

Question 2

What is a change in a characteristic or attribute in the descendant relative to the ancestor?

Answer 2

Modification

Question 3

Because characters do not all change at the same rate or to the same degree, descendants are a combination of Unmodified (_________) and modified (__________) character states

Answer 3

Ancestral, Derived

Question 4

What is a character?

Answer 4

An observable trait of an organism

Question 5

If the character trait being observed is forelimbs, what are examples of modified character states?

Answer 5

no forelimbs, two forelimbs, or four forelimbs

Question 6

If an ancestor does not have forelimbs but the descendant has two forelimbs, the descendant has the derived _____ _______.

Answer 6

Character state

Question 7

What are homologous characters?

Answer 7

found in two or more species and are derived from the same structure in a common ancestor (it looks the same and is found in the same place)

Question 8

What is apomorphy?

Answer 8

A new or descendant character state

Question 9

What is a synapomorphy?

Answer 9

a shared derived character, an apomorphy found in two or more taxa

Question 10

What is used to infer phylogenetic relationships?

Answer 10

Synapomorphies

Question 11

What is plesiomorphy?

Answer 11

ancestral character state

Question 12

What is a symplesiomorphy?

Answer 12

a shared ancestral character state

Question 13

What does monophyletic mean?

Answer 13

All members of the group and all descendants share the same, most recent ancestor

Question 14

What are the two assumptions on which outgroup comparison works?

Answer 14

1. The ingroup (the group being studied) is monophyletic

2. The outgroup is not a part of the ingroup

Question 15

Any homologous character state found in the outgroup and in the ingroup is considered _______

Answer 15

Plesiomorphic

Question 16

Character states found in the ingroup and not in the outgroup are considered __________

Answer 16

Synapomorphic

Question 17

What is a paraphyletic group?

Answer 17

An ancestral group, but not all of its descendants are included

Question 18

What is a polyphyletic group

Answer 18

organisms that do not share the most recent common ancestor are included as one group

Question 19

What is a clade?

Answer 19

A group of taxa consisting of an ancestor taxon and all of its descendant taxa

Question 20

What does a node represent?

Answer 20

A speciation event

Question 21

What are multistate characters?

Answer 21

They exist in more than two different states; not binary (present/absent)

Question 22

What technique is used to deal with multistate characters?

Answer 22

Hennigian argumentation

Question 23

What is the evolutionary relationships among organisms?

Answer 23

Phylogeny

Question 24

What is a cladogram?

Answer 24

A branching tree showing the most simple relationships between organisms

Question 25

In the phylogenetics lab, how many skeletal and physiological characters are suggested to be analyzed?

Answer 25

10

Question 26

Organisms have been classified into discrete groups, called ________, that indicate they are very similar in morphology, characters, and/or genetic makeup.

Answer 26

Species

Question 27

How does the Biological Species Concept define a species?

Answer 27

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce viable offspring

Question 28

What species was discussed in the article for lab 2?

Answer 28

Blue-Tailed Monitor Lizard

Question 29

What island was the new species of lizard found on?

Answer 29

Massau Island

Question 30

What drove the speciation of the blue-tailed monitor lizard?

Answer 30

Isolation

Question 31

What is the biogeography equation and what do the variables mean?

Answer 31

``` S = CA^z S = Number of Species A= Area of the Island C = The value of S and A = 1 ``` In line form: logS = zlogA + logC