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Bio 1114 > Bio. Lab Quiz 1 Background > Flashcards

Bio. Lab Quiz 1 Background Flashcards

1
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time

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2
Q

Does evolution act on populations or individuals?

A

Populations

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3
Q

What are two ways you can tell if evolution is happening?

A
  1. Subtle changes

2. Quantitative Methods

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4
Q

What is evolution?

A

A change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms from generation to generation; descent with modification through natural selection

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5
Q

What is a way evolution can be random?

A

Through genetic drift

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6
Q

What is a way evolution can be nonrandom?

A

Through selection

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7
Q

Evolution has no _____.

A

Goal

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8
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Studies changes within a single species population

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9
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

Studies changes that divide a population into species

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10
Q

What does Hardy-Weinberg do?

A

Test observations to see whether or not evolution is occurring

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11
Q

What are the five model assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg?

A
  1. Large Population (no genetic drift)
  2. Closed population (no immigration/emmigration)
  3. No Net mutations
  4. Random Mating
  5. No Natural selection
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12
Q

What are the two equations used in Hardy-Weinberg?

A

p + q = 1

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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13
Q

p + q = 1 calculates what?

A

Allele frequencies

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14
Q

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 calculates what?

A

Genotype frequencies

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15
Q

What are the three effects of natural selection?

A
  1. Directional
  2. Disruptive
  3. Stabilizing
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16
Q

What does it mean if a population does not meet the five Hardy-Weinberg expectations?

A

Evolution is occuring

17
Q

Hardy-Weinberg is a _____ model.

18
Q

What are the four ways a population can evolve?

A
  1. Natural Selection
  2. Genetic Drift
  3. Gene Flow
  4. Mutation
19
Q

What do allelic frequencies help determine?

A

The change in a population’s overall genetic make up from one generation to the next

20
Q

When in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, do allelic frequencies change over time?

21
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

Process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than organisms with other characteristics

22
Q

What two forces were simulated in lab 1?

A

Natural selection and genetic drift

23
Q

What are the two reasons Hardy-Weinberg is used?

A
  1. To see if conditions are partially fulfilled

2. It is a null model to determine if evolution is occuring and allelic frequencies are changing

24
Q

In the lab, the original gene pool was composed of what? What color was dominant and which was recessive?

A

50 red (dominant) beads and 50 yellow (recessive) beads

25
Q

How was the frequency of A and the frequency of a calculated?

A

You calculate the total number of either the A or a allele, and divide by the total number of alleles. If there were 10 AA individuals and 10 Aa individuals, there are a total of 20 individuals and 40 alleles. To calculate F(A), you take the total number of A alleles (30) and divide by the total number of alleles (40).

26
Q

If natural selection occured so that all aa individuals die, how do you calculate allele frequencies?

A

You calculate the total number of surviving alleles by doubling the total number of surviving individuals. Then, calculate allele frequencies by couting the total number of A and a alleles, ignoring aa individuals, and divide by the total number of alleles.

27
Q

What does genetic drift mean?

A

Through random chance, gene frequencies change from generation to generation, even under Hardy-Weinberg assumptions

28
Q

What are two types of genetic drift?

A
  1. Founder Effect

2. Bottleneck

29
Q

What is Founder effect?

A

Occurs when a few individuals from an original population disperse and inhabit a new area.

30
Q

What is a Population Bottleneck?

A

Occurs when a population is greatly reduced, then recovers

31
Q

What parts of Hardy-Weinberg does bottleneck violate?

A
  • large population

- No natural selection

32
Q

What parts of Hardy-Weinberg does Founder Effect violate?

A
  • Large population

- Closed population

33
Q

________ is essential for evolution.

34
Q

What is phenotypic plasticity?

A

When physical traits vary among individuals based on environmental pressures, not genotype

35
Q

What two invertrebrates were simulated?

A

Oystercatchers and limpets

36
Q

What were the two agents of mortality?

A

Oystercatchers and logs

37
Q

Oystercatchers are ________ predators.

Bio 1114 (7 decks)

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