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Bio final(C1, C2, C3) Flashcards

1
Q

who is robert hooke

A

First one to describe cells and look at a dead cell

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2
Q

who is Antoine Van leewenboek

A

first one to see living moving cells

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3
Q

who is matthias shleiden

A

stated that plants were made out of cells

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4
Q

Who is Theodore shwann

A

Stated that animals are made out of cells

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5
Q

who is robert brown

A

Discovered the nucleus in plant cells

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6
Q

who is francesco redi

A

disaproved the theory of spontaneous generation

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7
Q

who is louis pasteur

A

proved beyond a reasonable doubt that spontaneous generation of life does not now occur

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8
Q

who is rudolph Virchow

A

Observed cells dividing and stated that cells are formed by the division of pre-existing cells(biogenesis)

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9
Q

What is a Prokaryotic cells

A

are simple cells without a distinct membrane bound nucleus.

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10
Q

what is a Eukaryotic cells

A

More complex cells with membrane bound neclues

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11
Q

cell wall

A

Protects plant cells from mechanical damage

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12
Q

cell membrane

A

A selectivly permiable(controls what goes in and out) barrier between the inside and outside of the cell

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13
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A semifluid containing dissolved substances that are found between the spaces of the organelles

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14
Q

nucleus

A

contains dna and the genetic material of the cell. Ribosomes are produced in the nucleolus

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15
Q

ribosomes

A

Small complexes that translate genetic information into protein.

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16
Q

ER rough

A

Studded with ribosomes and Packages and transports protein

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17
Q

Er smooth

A

Synthesizes Lipids and packages them for transport.

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18
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

transport, sorting and modification of both protein and lipid

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19
Q

Lysosomes

A

Breakdown food particles, kill infections and recycle damaged or worn out cells.(Suicide cell)

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20
Q

Vacuoles(vesicles)

A

Storage of food,water, minerals

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21
Q

Central Vacuoles

A

store nutrients and water on which a cell can rely for its survival

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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell. Generates energy(ATP)

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23
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesis occurs and converts light energy into food

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24
Q

what is a cuticle

A

a waxy substance that coats the epidermal cells.help prevent water loss.non polar

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25
Q

upper epidermis

A

one cell thick and tightly packed. protects the leaf aginst any physical damage and pathogens.

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26
Q

palisade cells

A

one or more layers of tightly packed, lonng and narrow cells with many chloroplast. Site of most of the leaf’s photosynthesis

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27
Q

vascular bundle

A

a series of tubes that are visible as leaf veins. contains xylem and phloem that are tranpsort fluids.

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28
Q

xylem

A

dead cells that transport water and minerals upwards from the roots to the leaves.

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29
Q

phloem

A

alive cells that transports sugars produced by the leaves to various part of the plant

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30
Q

lower epidermis

A

one cell thick and tightly packed. protects the leaf aginst any physical damage and pathogens.

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31
Q

spongy tissue cells

A

loosly packed cells containing chloroplast. carries our photosyntheisis and the air spaces between cells allows for gas transport.

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32
Q

stomata

A

small opening in the epidermal layer that can open or close. Allows gasses in and out of the leaf. Has 2 guard cells that control the diamter and shape of the stomata

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33
Q

which way do the phosphate heads faces

A

outwards

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34
Q

the phosphate head is ______

A

hydrophillic

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35
Q

The fatty acid tails are ______

A

hydrophobic

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36
Q

where can proteins be found in the membrane

A

embedded in or attached to the phospholipid area

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37
Q

non polar molecules are ________

A

hydrophobic

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38
Q

Polar molecules are ________

A

hydrophillic

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39
Q

Charged Molecules are ________-

A

have a sphere of wter that prevents them passing through the membrane

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40
Q

simple diffusion

A

random motion of molecules that go from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

41
Q

does passive transport require energy?

A

No

42
Q

what molecules can diffuse through the pores in the phospholipid area?

A

smalll,non polar, uncharges solute

43
Q

hypotonic

A

the solute concentration is less than of the cell.burst

44
Q

isotonic

A

the solute concentration of the solution is the same as that of the cell

45
Q

hypertonic

A

the solute concentration of the solution is more than the cell.shrivel

46
Q

where does water go in hypotonic

A

osmosis occurs and water moves in

47
Q

where does water go in hypertonic

A

osmosis occurs. water moves out.

48
Q

Hypotonic enviroment causes animal cells to

A

swell and lyse(Burst)

49
Q

hypertonic enviroments cause cells to

A

shrivel

50
Q

what environment do animals do best in?

A

isotonic

51
Q

isotonic environment cause plant cells to become

A

flacid

52
Q

plants do best in

A

hypotonic environment because pressure pushes out on the cell taht keeps the plant firm

53
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

is diffusion using the help from transport proteins

54
Q

transport proteins allow

A

small,polar molecules or ions

55
Q

what is active transport

A

uses energy to move solutes against their concentration graident.

56
Q

carrier protien

A

undergoes a change in shape.

57
Q

root system absorbs

A

water and minerals.

58
Q

what do plants capture

A

Light and energy

59
Q

what do plants convert light energy into

A

chemcial energy

60
Q

what are roots

A

anchors the plant and absorbs minerals and water. Often stores carbohydrates

61
Q

shoot system absorbs

A

CO2 and Light

62
Q

what are stems

A

support the leaves and reproductive structures

63
Q

what are leaves

A

the main photosynthetic organ of the plant

64
Q

what is dermal tissue

A

is the plants protective covering

65
Q

what is vascular tissue

A

carries out long distance transport of materials between the root and shoot system

66
Q

what is ground tissue

A

Ground tissue in plants is the tissue that fills the space between the vascular tissue and used for storage, photosynthesis and support.

67
Q

root pressure pushed the xylem sap

A

up

68
Q

how is water pulled up using transpiration

A

water is pulled up the xylem tissue to replace the water that is lost

69
Q

what is cohesion

A

is the tendency of water molecules to stick to other water molecules due to hydrogen bonding.

70
Q

what is adhesion

A

is the tendency of water molecules to stick to surfaces.(Hydrophilic)

71
Q

where do most gas exchanges occur

A

stomata

72
Q

what are lenticles

A

are lens shaped opened in the bark of woody plants that enable gas exchange

73
Q

what is transpiration

A

loss of water vapour from the leaves by diffusion and evaporation

74
Q

where do most water get out from

A

through the stomata

75
Q

what happens when a guard cell gains water

A

turgid and opens up

76
Q

what happens when guard cells loose water

A

flacid and closing

77
Q

are stomatas open during the day or night

A

day

78
Q

what is a tropism

A

is any growth response that results in plant organs curving towards or away from stimuli

79
Q

positive tropism is growth

A

towards the stimuli

80
Q

negitive tropism is growth

A

away from the stimuli

81
Q

what is phototropism

A

growth towards or away from light

82
Q

what is growth toward light called

A

positive phototropism

83
Q

what is the darwin and darwin experiment

A

They observed the bending of seedlings towards sunlight. They used tips and tranparent tips.

84
Q

what was the conclusion for Darwin and Darwin experiment

A

the tip of the seedling detcts light and sends a signal down to the stem to control growth

85
Q

what type of signal control stem growth

A

mobile chemical

86
Q

what is the boysen jenson expiriment conclusion

A

the signal is a mobile chemical because it passes through the gelatin block but not through the mica block

87
Q

frits went experiment conclusion

A

The chemical messenger that makes the cells on the darker side longer is called auxin.

88
Q

what is gravitropism

A

is the plants repsonce to gravity

89
Q

What is positive gravitropism

A

occurs when roots grow into soil because they grow in the direction of gravity

90
Q

What is negitive gravitropism

A

When the stem grows against the force of gravity (upwards)

91
Q

what type or transport do minerals use to get inside the roots

A

Active transport

92
Q

in photosynthesis does oxygen decrease of increase?

A

Increase

93
Q

in photosynthesis does CO2d decrease of increase?

A

DECREASE

94
Q

in photosynthesis does H20 decrease or increase

A

decrease

95
Q

what produces organic sugar

A

palisade cells from CO2 and light

96
Q

water transport into roots use what type of transport?

A

Osmosis

97
Q

What does inhibit mean

A

The slowing down of a reaction either during the reaction itself or by blocking the reaction from occurring at all

98
Q

WHat does stimulate mean

A

to make a plant or part of the body become active or stronger. Enhances growth.

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