Bio final(C1, C2, C3) Flashcards
who is robert hooke
First one to describe cells and look at a dead cell
who is Antoine Van leewenboek
first one to see living moving cells
who is matthias shleiden
stated that plants were made out of cells
Who is Theodore shwann
Stated that animals are made out of cells
who is robert brown
Discovered the nucleus in plant cells
who is francesco redi
disaproved the theory of spontaneous generation
who is louis pasteur
proved beyond a reasonable doubt that spontaneous generation of life does not now occur
who is rudolph Virchow
Observed cells dividing and stated that cells are formed by the division of pre-existing cells(biogenesis)
What is a Prokaryotic cells
are simple cells without a distinct membrane bound nucleus.
what is a Eukaryotic cells
More complex cells with membrane bound neclues
cell wall
Protects plant cells from mechanical damage
cell membrane
A selectivly permiable(controls what goes in and out) barrier between the inside and outside of the cell
Cytoplasm
A semifluid containing dissolved substances that are found between the spaces of the organelles
nucleus
contains dna and the genetic material of the cell. Ribosomes are produced in the nucleolus
ribosomes
Small complexes that translate genetic information into protein.
ER rough
Studded with ribosomes and Packages and transports protein
Er smooth
Synthesizes Lipids and packages them for transport.
Golgi apparatus
transport, sorting and modification of both protein and lipid
Lysosomes
Breakdown food particles, kill infections and recycle damaged or worn out cells.(Suicide cell)
Vacuoles(vesicles)
Storage of food,water, minerals
Central Vacuoles
store nutrients and water on which a cell can rely for its survival
Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell. Generates energy(ATP)
Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis occurs and converts light energy into food
what is a cuticle
a waxy substance that coats the epidermal cells.help prevent water loss.non polar
upper epidermis
one cell thick and tightly packed. protects the leaf aginst any physical damage and pathogens.
palisade cells
one or more layers of tightly packed, lonng and narrow cells with many chloroplast. Site of most of the leaf’s photosynthesis
vascular bundle
a series of tubes that are visible as leaf veins. contains xylem and phloem that are tranpsort fluids.
xylem
dead cells that transport water and minerals upwards from the roots to the leaves.
phloem
alive cells that transports sugars produced by the leaves to various part of the plant
lower epidermis
one cell thick and tightly packed. protects the leaf aginst any physical damage and pathogens.
spongy tissue cells
loosly packed cells containing chloroplast. carries our photosyntheisis and the air spaces between cells allows for gas transport.
stomata
small opening in the epidermal layer that can open or close. Allows gasses in and out of the leaf. Has 2 guard cells that control the diamter and shape of the stomata
which way do the phosphate heads faces
outwards
the phosphate head is ______
hydrophillic
The fatty acid tails are ______
hydrophobic
where can proteins be found in the membrane
embedded in or attached to the phospholipid area
non polar molecules are ________
hydrophobic
Polar molecules are ________
hydrophillic
Charged Molecules are ________-
have a sphere of wter that prevents them passing through the membrane
simple diffusion
random motion of molecules that go from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
does passive transport require energy?
No
what molecules can diffuse through the pores in the phospholipid area?
smalll,non polar, uncharges solute
hypotonic
the solute concentration is less than of the cell.burst
isotonic
the solute concentration of the solution is the same as that of the cell
hypertonic
the solute concentration of the solution is more than the cell.shrivel
where does water go in hypotonic
osmosis occurs and water moves in
where does water go in hypertonic
osmosis occurs. water moves out.
Hypotonic enviroment causes animal cells to
swell and lyse(Burst)
hypertonic enviroments cause cells to
shrivel
what environment do animals do best in?
isotonic
isotonic environment cause plant cells to become
flacid
plants do best in
hypotonic environment because pressure pushes out on the cell taht keeps the plant firm
what is facilitated diffusion
is diffusion using the help from transport proteins
transport proteins allow
small,polar molecules or ions
what is active transport
uses energy to move solutes against their concentration graident.
carrier protien
undergoes a change in shape.
root system absorbs
water and minerals.
what do plants capture
Light and energy
what do plants convert light energy into
chemcial energy
what are roots
anchors the plant and absorbs minerals and water. Often stores carbohydrates
shoot system absorbs
CO2 and Light
what are stems
support the leaves and reproductive structures
what are leaves
the main photosynthetic organ of the plant
what is dermal tissue
is the plants protective covering
what is vascular tissue
carries out long distance transport of materials between the root and shoot system
what is ground tissue
Ground tissue in plants is the tissue that fills the space between the vascular tissue and used for storage, photosynthesis and support.
root pressure pushed the xylem sap
up
how is water pulled up using transpiration
water is pulled up the xylem tissue to replace the water that is lost
what is cohesion
is the tendency of water molecules to stick to other water molecules due to hydrogen bonding.
what is adhesion
is the tendency of water molecules to stick to surfaces.(Hydrophilic)
where do most gas exchanges occur
stomata
what are lenticles
are lens shaped opened in the bark of woody plants that enable gas exchange
what is transpiration
loss of water vapour from the leaves by diffusion and evaporation
where do most water get out from
through the stomata
what happens when a guard cell gains water
turgid and opens up
what happens when guard cells loose water
flacid and closing
are stomatas open during the day or night
day
what is a tropism
is any growth response that results in plant organs curving towards or away from stimuli
positive tropism is growth
towards the stimuli
negitive tropism is growth
away from the stimuli
what is phototropism
growth towards or away from light
what is growth toward light called
positive phototropism
what is the darwin and darwin experiment
They observed the bending of seedlings towards sunlight. They used tips and tranparent tips.
what was the conclusion for Darwin and Darwin experiment
the tip of the seedling detcts light and sends a signal down to the stem to control growth
what type of signal control stem growth
mobile chemical
what is the boysen jenson expiriment conclusion
the signal is a mobile chemical because it passes through the gelatin block but not through the mica block
frits went experiment conclusion
The chemical messenger that makes the cells on the darker side longer is called auxin.
what is gravitropism
is the plants repsonce to gravity
What is positive gravitropism
occurs when roots grow into soil because they grow in the direction of gravity
What is negitive gravitropism
When the stem grows against the force of gravity (upwards)
what type or transport do minerals use to get inside the roots
Active transport
in photosynthesis does oxygen decrease of increase?
Increase
in photosynthesis does CO2d decrease of increase?
DECREASE
in photosynthesis does H20 decrease or increase
decrease
what produces organic sugar
palisade cells from CO2 and light
water transport into roots use what type of transport?
Osmosis
What does inhibit mean
The slowing down of a reaction either during the reaction itself or by blocking the reaction from occurring at all
WHat does stimulate mean
to make a plant or part of the body become active or stronger. Enhances growth.
