Bio Exam 2

Question 1

describe potential energy

Answer 1

Stored energy
Chemical, heat, sound
Is higher in non polar bonds

Question 2

Describe kinetic energy

Answer 2

Released energy g energy of Motion
Thermal energy (moving molecules)

Question 3

Difference between non polar and polar bonds

Answer 3

Non polar bonds are longer and weaker equal electron sharing
Polar bonds are shorter and stronger unequal. electron sharing

Question 4

Redox reactions

Answer 4

Elections can transfer from one atom to another
Result in the production of CO2 water and energy
oxidizes glucose

Question 5

Exergonic and endergonic reactions

Answer 5

exergonic (energy-releasing) spontaneous. Gibbs free energy <0 (High energy reactants, make low energy products)
endergonic (require energy) NOT spontaneous Gibbs free energy >0
If Gibbs free energy is =0 then it is at equilibrium (low-energy reactants make high-energy products)

Question 6

ATP

Answer 6

adenine triphosphate
made up of three phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine
stores lots of potential energy
energy currency for cells

Question 7

describe how an enzyme works

Answer 7

Substrates bind to the active site, making an enzyme-substrate complex
in the transition state, the enzyme shape changes and loses activation energy
Termination, the products release from the active site

Question 8

Describe Competitive Inhibition

Answer 8

when the substrates cannot bind to the enzyme when regulatory molecules bind to the active site

Question 9

Describe Allosteric regulation (activation)

Answer 9

the active site becomes available when a regulatory molecule binds to a different site on the enzyme

Question 10

Describe Allosteric regulation (inhibition)

Answer 10

the active site becomes unavailable when a regulatory molecule binds to a different site on the enzyme

Question 11

Metabolic Pathways are

Answer 11

a series of reactions all catalyzed by a different enzyme to build molecules
harvest energy from high energy molecules, such as glucose

Question 12

Difference between catabolic and anabolic pathways

Answer 12

Catabolic pathways break down molecules and harvest ATP while anabolic pathways synthesize molecules and use ATP

Question 13

Feedback inhibition

Answer 13

can happen when an enzyme in a pathway is stopped by the final product of the pathway, it can shut down if products are no longer needed by the cell.

Question 14

What molecules regulate enzymes

Answer 14

cofactors (inorganic ions)
coenzymes (organic molecules like NADH/FADH)
Prosthetic groups (non-amino acid atoms)

Question 15

What limits Catalysis

Answer 15

High substrate concentration

Question 16

Phosphorylation is

Answer 16

how energy is released during ATP hydrolysis is transferred to a substrate
adds a phosphate group

Question 17

FADH2 and NADH are formed by

Answer 17

FADH2 needs two protons and electrons
NADH needs two electrons and 1 proton

Question 18

The standard free energy change equation is

Answer 18

Change in Gibbs free energy = change in enthalpy (PE) - temp (K) * change in entropy (amount of disorder)

Question 19

Proteins end in _ while sugars end in -

Answer 19

-Ase, - ose

Question 20

Cofactors and coenzymes

Answer 20

Sit in the enzyme’s active site to help the bonding of enzyme and substrate

Question 21

Competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors

Answer 21

Bind to the enzyme to stop substates from binding to the active site
Used in feedback inhibition

Question 22

Cellular Respiration Equation;

Answer 22

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Energy

Question 23

Four steps of cellular respiration

Answer 23

Glycolysis
Pyruvate processing
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 24

What happens in glycolysis

Answer 24

6 Carbon glucose is broker down into pyruvate
ATP is made from ADP
NAD+ is made into NADH
occurs in the cytosol

Question 25

Substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 25

Production of ATP by the transfer of phosphate group

Question 26

Glycolysis makes

Answer 26

2 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvate

Question 27

What happens in pyruvate processing

Answer 27

The pyruvates made from glycolysis are processed to release CO2 and acetal COA
occurs in the mitochondrial matrix for eukaryotes
occurs in the cytosol

Question 28

What happens in the citric acid cycle

Answer 28

The carbons in acetal coa are oxidized to Co 2
ATP and NADH is produced
FAD is reduced to FADH 2
The cycle runs two times for the oxidation glucose

Question 29

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 29

Oxidation reactions are used for a proton gradient to form ATP

Question 30

Glucose is an example of a

Answer 30

High energy molecule

Question 31

Why is ATP constantly being made?

Answer 31

It has such high PE so it is unstable and isn’t stored

Question 32

Example of a storage carbohydrate

Answer 32

Starches and glycogen

Question 33

what happens when glucose is oxidized

Answer 33

The PE stored is converted into kinetic energy forms of heat and light

Question 34

Difference between cellular respiration and fermentation

Answer 34

Cellular respiration “burning” harvests more energy from glucose since it is the complete oxidation of carbons in glucose to coz. Fermentation doesn’t fully oxidize glucose, it produces waste

Question 35

What happens in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 35

NADH and FADH 2 electrons move through electron carriers (etc).
The energy here is used to create a proton gradient across a membrane which makes sure protons form ATP

Question 36

Acetal COA is the starting point for

Answer 36

Anabolic pathways that make fatty acids

Question 37

Phosphofructokinase

Answer 37

An enzyme that synthesizes fructose 1,6 bisphosphate from fructose 6p phosphate

Question 38

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 39

In Cellular Respiration,
what goes in?
what comes out?
What happens to the energy that is released?
Where does each step occur?
How is it regulated?

Answer 39

glucose
ATP, CO2, and water
energy released synthesizes ATP which is used in the cell
Step 1 occurs in the cytosol, 2 occurs in the mitochondrial matrix/cytosol, Step 3 occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, step 4 occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrial matrix
Allosteric enzymes and glucose entry control regulate cellular respiration

Question 40

Reaction rates

Answer 40

Reaction rates are high when ATP and NADH are
scarce
Reaction rates are low when ATP or NADH are
abundant

Question 41

ETC and Chemiosmosis form ATP

Answer 41

ETC: formed by carrier molecules; pass electrons from carrier to
carrier releasing energy along the way
–
Chemiosmosis: movement of ions down an electrochemical
gradient; generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions
across a membrane – drives ATP synthase

Question 42

Cytochrome c

Answer 42

transfers electrons between complexes

Question 43

facultative anaerobes

Answer 43

Some organisms can switch between fermentation and
aerobic respiration