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bio chem high yield Flashcards

1
Q

Glycolysis Tissue

A

all tissues

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2
Q

Glycolysis Cellular compartment

A

cytosol

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3
Q

Glycolysis substrate

A

glucose

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4
Q

Glycolysis key enzymatic step

A

PFK-1* (rate limiting)
Hexokinase (found everywhere)
Glucokinase (pancreas and liver)

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5
Q

Glycolysis product

A

pyruvate

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6
Q

Glycolysis regulators

A

(+) insulin, Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, AMP

(-) ATP

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7
Q

Glycolysis Cofactors

A

Mg

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8
Q

Glycolysis Key intermediates

A

Glucose-6-phosphate can’t leave the cell once converted

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9
Q

Glycolysis energy production

A

2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH

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10
Q

Pyruvate oxidation tissue

A

tissue that have mitochondria and oxygen

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11
Q

Pyruvate oxidation location

A

mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

Pyruvate oxidation substrate

A

pyruvate

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13
Q

Pyruvate oxidation Cofactors and key enzyme

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase needs
thiamine, niacin, riboflavin,
NAD, FAD, TPP, CoA, lipoic acid

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14
Q

Pyruvate oxidation product

A

acetyl CoA

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15
Q

Pyruvate oxidation regulation

A

NAD, ADP

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16
Q

Pyruvate oxidation energy production

A

2 acetyl CoA

2 NADH

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17
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis tissue

A

tissue w/o oxygen

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18
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis cellular compartment

A

cytosol

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19
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis substrate

A

pyruvate

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20
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis key enzyme step/cofactor

A

lactate dehydrogenase

NAD, FAD, TTP

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21
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis product

A

lactate can be toxic if can’t eliminate

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22
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis regulators

A

(+) NADH

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23
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis energy generation

A

-NADH

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24
Q

Krebs cycle tissue

A

all tissues, but liver is most significant

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25
Q

Krebs cycle cellular compartment

A

mitochondrial matrix

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26
Q

Krebs cycle substrate

A

acetyl CoA

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27
Q

Krebs cycle key enzyme/cofactor

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

cofactors: NAD, FAD, TPP, CoA, lipoic acid

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28
Q

Krebs cycle product

A

Co2, NADH, FADH2, GTP

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29
Q

Krebs cycle regulation

A

(+) NAD, FAD, GDP

(-) ATP, citrate

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30
Q

Krebs cycle energy productions

A

(+) 3 NADH

(+) FADH

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31
Q

Glycogen synthesis tissue

A

liver

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32
Q

Glycogen synthesis cellular compartment

A

cytosol

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33
Q

Glycogen synthesis substrate

A

glucose

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34
Q

Glycogen synthesis key enzyme step

A

phosphoglucomutase/glycogen synthase

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35
Q

Glycogen synthesis product

A

glycogen

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36
Q

Glycogen synthesis regulation

A

(+) UTP

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37
Q

Glycogen synthesis key intermediates

A

UDP-glucose

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38
Q

Glycogen synthesis energy production

A

-1 ATP/glucose

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39
Q

Glycogenolysis tissues

A

liver, muscle

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40
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway/HMP Shunt tissues

A

liver, RBC mammary gland, adrenal cortex

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41
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway/HMP Shunt cellular component

A

cytosol

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42
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway/HMP Shunt substrate

A

glucose-6P

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43
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway/HMP Shunt key enzyme step

A

glucose-6P dehydrogenase (oxidative)

transktetolase (non-oxidative, requires TTP)

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44
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway/HMP Shunt product

A

NADPH, ribose sugars

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45
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway/HMP Shunt key intermediates

A

NADPH

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46
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis tissues

A

liver, adipose, mammary glands, kidney

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47
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis cellular component

A

cytosol (leaves mitochondria via citrate shuttle)

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48
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis substrate

A

acetyl coA

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49
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis key enzyme step

A

acetyl coA carboxylase (requires biotin)

fatty acid synthase (has B5 as part of structure)

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50
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis product

A

palmitate

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51
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis regulation

A

(+) insulin

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52
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis key intermediates

A

malonyl coA

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53
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis energy production

A

-1 ATP/malonyl CoA, -2 NADPH/malonyl CoA

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54
Q

Beta oxidation tissues

A

liver, muscle, kidney

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55
Q

Beta oxidation cellular component

A

mitochondria (peroxisome)

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56
Q

Beta oxidation substrate

A

fatty acyls

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57
Q

Beta oxidation key enzyme step

A

acetyl CoA synthase

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58
Q

Beta oxidation product

A

acetyl coA, NADH, FADH2

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59
Q

Beta oxidation regulation

A

(+) glucagon

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60
Q

Beta oxidation key intermediates

A

fatty acyl coA, fatty acyl carnitine

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61
Q

Beta oxidation energy production

A

16C saturated FA = 129 ATP (131 total - 2 ATP for activation)

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62
Q

ketogenesis tissue

A

liver

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63
Q

ketogenesis cellular component

A

mitochondrial matrix

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64
Q

ketogenesis substrate

A

acetyl coA

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65
Q

ketogenesis key enzyme step

A

HMG CoA synthase

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66
Q

ketogenesis product

A

beta-hydrozybuterate dehydrogenase, acetone, acetoacetate

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67
Q

ketogenesis regulation

A

(+) acetyl CoA

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68
Q

ketogenesis key intermediates

A

HMG CoA

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69
Q

ketogenesis energy production

A

-2 acetyl coA, -1 NADH

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70
Q

ketone degradation tissues

A

brain, skeletal muscle, heart muscle

NOT liver

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71
Q

ketone degradation cellular component

A

mitochondrial matrix

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72
Q

ketone degradation substrate

A

products of ketogenesis

beta-hydrozybuterate dehydrogenase, acetone, acetoacetate

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73
Q

ketone degradation key enzyme step

A

beta-hydrozybuterate dehydrogenase

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74
Q

ketone degradation product

A

acetyl coA

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75
Q

ketone degradation key intermediates

A

HMG CoA

76
Q

ketone degradation energy production

A

+2 acetyl coA, +1 NADH, -1 GTP

77
Q

cholesterol synthesis tissue

A

liver

78
Q

cholesterol synthesis cellular component

A

cytosol

79
Q

cholesterol synthesis substrate

A

acetyl coA

80
Q

cholesterol synthesis key enzyme step

A

HMG CoA reductase

81
Q

cholesterol synthesis product

A

cholesterol

82
Q

cholesterol synthesis regulation

A

(+) insulin

83
Q

cholesterol synthesis key intermediates

A

HMG CoA, mevolonate –> CoQ

84
Q

cholesterol synthesis energy production

A

lots

85
Q

urea cycle tissue

A

liver

86
Q

urea cycle cellular component

A

cytosol, mithochondrial matrix

87
Q

urea cycle substrate

A

NH4+, glucose, CO2, aspartate

88
Q

urea cycle key enzyme step

A

CPS I (Rate limiting)

89
Q

urea cycle product

A

urea

90
Q

urea cycle regulation

A

(+) N-acetyl glutamate

91
Q

urea cycle key intermediates

A

arginine, fumarate

92
Q

urea cycle energy production

A

-2 ATP

93
Q

gluconeogenesis tissues

A

liver, kidney, SI

94
Q

gluconeogenesis cellular component

A

mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, ER

95
Q

gluconeogenesis substrate

A

alanine, lactate, glycerol

96
Q

gluconeogenesis key enzyme step

A

pyruvate carboxyalse/PEP carboxykinase (phosphofructokinase I, glucose-6P)

97
Q

gluconeogenesis product

A

glucose

98
Q

gluconeogenesis regulation

A

(+) acteyl coA

(-) F26-bisP

99
Q

gluconeogenesis key intermediates

A

pyruvate, fructose-1,6-bisP, glocuose 6P

100
Q

gluconeogenesis energy production

A
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 NADH
  • 4 ATP
  • 2 GTP
101
Q

glycogenolysis tissues

A

liver, muscle

102
Q

glycogenolysis cellular component

A

cytosol

103
Q

glycogenolysis substrate

A

glycogen

104
Q

glycogenolysis key enzyme step

A

glycogen phosphorylase

requires biotin) (glucose 6P

105
Q

glycogenolysis product

A

G6P or glucose (liver only)

106
Q

glycogenolysis regulation

A

(+) AMP, cAMP

(-) glucose

107
Q

glycogenolysis key intermediates

A

G6P

108
Q

what are the monosaccharides

A

glucose
fructose
galactose
mannose

109
Q

what are the disaccharides

A

sucrose
lactose
maltose
isomaltose

110
Q

what bond is on maltose

A

a1-4

111
Q

what bond is on lactose

A

b1-4

lactase specific

112
Q

what bond is on sucrose

A

a1-b2

113
Q

what types of bonds are on glycogen

A

a1-4 (base chains)

a1-6 (branch points)

114
Q

what types of bonds are on cellulose

A

b1-4 (making it indigestible)

115
Q

what is unique about the beta bond in lactose?

A

humans usually cant break down/digest beta bonds; but with lactose there is a specific lactase enzyme that allows us to

116
Q

amylose vs amylopectin structure

A

amylose is unbranched, helix

amylopectin branched chains of glucose

117
Q

what are the polysaccharides

A

glycogen
inulin
cellulose

118
Q

polysaccharides in carb absorption are broken down to monosaccharides by what

A

brush border enzymes

119
Q

carb absorption; fructose is brought in via..

A

facilitated diffusion

120
Q

what biochemical rxns take place in the mitochondria?

A 
krebs cycle
fatty acid oxidation
formation of acetyl coA
part of urea cycle 
part of gluconeogenesis
121
Q

what biochemical rxns take place in the golgi?

A

synthesis and packaging of complex molecules including glycolipis, glycoproteins, and lipoproteins

122
Q

what biochemical rxns take place in the cytosol

A 
glycolysis
HMP shunt
protein synthesis
fatty acid synthesis
part of urea cycle
part of gluconeogenesis
123
Q

what biochemical rxns take place in the lysosomes

A

degradation of complex macromolecules

124
Q

what biochemical rxns take place in the nucleus

A

DNA and RNA synthesis

125
Q

most ATP is formed in which cellular component?

A

mitochondria

126
Q

why break down proteins, carbs, and fats into acetyl-coA (C2) in the TCA/krebs/citric acid acycle?

A

to link them with oxaloacetate (C4) and create citric acid/citrate

127
Q

vitamins with role in TCA

A

thiamin (B1)
riboflavin (B2)
niacin (B3)
pantothenic acid (B5)

128
Q

how is H oxidation accomplished in ox-phos?

A

by splitting hydrogen atom into H+ ion and free electron

129
Q

pathologies associated with ox phos of electron transport chain

A

uncoupling
inhibition = blocking respiratory chain at places other that ADP+P posiotion

poisons, insecticids, antibiotics, barbituates

130
Q

where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

INNER membrane

131
Q

glycolysis aerobic/anaerobic

A

can occur under both

aerobic glycolysis ends at pyruvate

anaeorbic ends at lactate (less energy produced)

132
Q

hexokinase is found mainly in what tissue

A

muscle cells

133
Q

glucokinase is found mainly in what tissue

A

liver cells

134
Q

what is the major controller of liver glycogen metabolism

A

concentration of phosphorylase-a

135
Q

increased cAMP has what effect on
glycogenesis
glycogenolysis

A

SLOWS glycogenesis (inactivation of glycogen synthase)

MORE glycogenolysis (activation of phosphorylase)

136
Q

HMP shunt primary functions

A

alternative route for glucose metbolism

  • generates NADPH
  • provides ribose residues
137
Q

HMP shunt ATP generation

A

NONE

138
Q

what are eicosanoids

A

biologically active 20 carbon fatty acids that give rise to cytokines/prostanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes)

139
Q

of the 3 series of eicosanoids, which are completely essential and which are conditionally essential?

A

linoleic (omega 6) and alpha linoleic (omega 3) fatty acids are completely essential

arachodonate is conditionally essential

140
Q

role of eicosanoids

A

gives rise to individual sets of prosaglandin, leukotriene, and thromboxane (PG-1, LK-1, TX-1, PG-2, LK-2, etc..) to work in concert to create inflammatory and anti-inflammatory balance

141
Q

what are the three series of eicosanoids

A

series 1: linoleic acid (omega 6)
series 2: arachadonic acid
series 3: alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3)

142
Q

which series of eicosanoid is pro-inflammatory

A

series 2: arachadonic acid

143
Q

what enzyme breaks down arachadonate out of membrane phospholipid > arachadonic acid

A

PLA-2 (phospholipase A2)

144
Q

what enzyme converts arachadonic acid > leukotrienes

A

lipoxygenase

145
Q

what enzyme converts arachadonic acid > prostaglandins/thromboxanes

A

cyclooxygenase

146
Q

what are the essential amino acids

A

Three Liars, Val, Lucy, and Me, Tripped and Fell in His Isolation Tank

threonine
lysine
valine
leucine
methionine
tryptophan
arginine
phenylalanine
histidine
isoleucine
147
Q

non-essential amino acids

A

Almost All Girls Go Crazy After Getting Taken Prom Shopping

alanine
aspartate
glutamate
glycine
cysteine
asparginine
glutamine
tyrosine
proline
serine
148
Q

what makes up the tripeptide glutathione and which is the rate limiting AA for formation

A

glutamic acid/glutamine
cysteine (RL)
glycine

149
Q

what is a zymogen

give an example

A

inactive precursor of an active enzyme

Ex:

zymogen: trypsinogen
enzyme: trypsin

150
Q

how do enzymes speed up thermodynamically favorable reactions

A

lower energy of activation by binding to a SUBSTRATE

an enzyme is NOT part of any product

151
Q

enzyme activity (reaction rate) is affected by:

A

temp

pH

152
Q

what are co-factors

A

small molecular weight substances (B vitamins and trace minerals) that are neede to help some enzymes react

typically the cofactor is part of the substrate binding site, on the enzyme

153
Q

enzymes; difference between competitive vs non-competitive inhibition

A

competitive: binds at substrate binding site

non-competitive: binds to non-substrate site

154
Q

products of HMP shunt are important in which processes

A

nucleic acid synthesis
steroid synthesis
hepatic phase I detox

155
Q

which part of the urea cycle occurs in the mitochondria?

A

NH4+CO2 > carbamoyl phosphatase (CP)

CP > L-citrulline

156
Q

which part of the urea cycle occurs in the cytosol?

A

series of transaminations resulting in L-arginine going to urea + L-ornithine

157
Q

L amino acids are actively transferred across the intestines with the help of what?

A

vitamin B6

158
Q

what cofactor is necessary for alanine aminotransferase rxns?

A

vit B6 derivative

159
Q

for the following AA name the alpha-keto acid and enzyme for its conversion

alanine
glutamate
aspartate

A

alanine > (ALT) > pyruvate
glutamate > alpha ketoglutarate
aspartate > (AST) > oxaloacetate

160
Q

What is the enzyme produced by the brush border and pancreas, and is responsible for the cleaving of single amino acids off of the carboxy end of the peptides?

A

Carboxypeptidase

161
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for converting IMP and GMP into their nucleoside forms?

A

5’-nucleotidase

162
Q

what is choleterol an important precursor for?

A

bile acids
steroid hormones
vitamin D

163
Q

what metabolic process is Carnitine Acyl transferase involved in

A

lipolysis

164
Q

what metabolic process is Acetyl CoA carboxylase involved in

A

lipid synthesis

165
Q

what metabolic process is HMG CoA reductase involved in

A

cholesterol synthesis

166
Q

what metabolic process is HMG CoA synthase involved in

A

ketogenesis

167
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in steroid synthesis

A

20,22-desmolase

168
Q

what does the enzyme hydrolase do

A

adds H2O to break bonds (hydrolysis)

169
Q

what does the enzyme aldolase do

A

cleaves C-C bonds to form aldehydes

170
Q

what does the enzyme dehydrogenase do

A

removes H from substrate

171
Q

what does the enzyme hydratase do

A

adds H2O to C-C bonds without breaking bond

can also remove H2O to create double bond

172
Q

what does the enzyme isomerase do

A

converts between isomers

cis/trans, D/L, aldolase/ketolase

173
Q

what does the enzyme esterase do

A

hydrolyzes ester linkages to form an alcohol and acid

174
Q

first step of liver detox pathway

A

phase 1 - hydroxylating cytochrome 450 system; makes fat soluble compounds water soluble
CYP450

(-OH added)

175
Q

second step of liver detox pathway

A

phase 2 - enzymatic conjugation

takes water soluble/polar intermediates and adds an “anchor” by conjugating them with amino acids

176
Q

last step of liver detox pathway

A

excretion

bile
serum > urine

177
Q

regulatory enzyme for lipolysis

A

carnitine acyltransferase

178
Q

regulatory enzyme for fat mobilization

A

hormone sensitive lipase

179
Q

regulatory enzyme for lipid synthesis

A

acetyl-CoA carboxylase

180
Q

regulatory enzyme for cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG CoA reductase

181
Q

regulatory enzyme for pentose phosphate shunt

A

G6P dehydrogenase

182
Q

regulatory enzyme for ketone body synthesis

A

HMG CoA synthase

183
Q

regulatory enzyme for purine synthesis

A

amidotransferase

184
Q

preferred nutrient of brain for
normal:
prolonged fast:

A

normal: glucose
fast: ketone bodies, glucose

185
Q

preferred nutrient of muscle for
normal:
prolonged fast:

A

normal:
rest - fatty acids
exercise - glucose

fast: fatty acids

186
Q

preferred nutrient of heart for
normal:
prolonged fast:

A

“takes anything”

fatty acids, ketone bodies, lactate, glucose for normal and fast

187
Q

preferred nutrient of erythrocytes for
normal:
prolonged fast:

A

glucose for both normal and fasting

nplex (11 decks)

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