bio anthro genetics

Question 1

purines:
pyrimidines:

Answer 1

adenine, guanine
thymine, cytosine

Question 2

Describe the 3 steps of DNA replication

Answer 2

1) Initiation- helicase split the double helix open
2) elongation- DNA polymerase 3 works up the leading strand and down the lagging strand ( leading to okazaki fragments), pairing FREE NUCLEOTIDES with complimentary bases
3) termination- stop codon ends replication @ fork

Question 3

describe the 7 steps of protein synthesis

Answer 3

Transcription
1) DNA unzipped
2) mrna aligns with base pairs
3) introns are removed, creating mature mrna
Translation:
4) mrna leaves nucleus and goes to ribosomes
5) trna picks up amino acids
6) mrna binds to anticodons
7) protiens are linked/spliced

Question 4

describe the steps of Mitosis

Answer 4

I PAY MY ASS TWO CHEEKS
1) interphase
G1: cell growth S: DNA replication G2
2) prophase: nuclear membrane breaks down, chromatin forms chromosomes, polar orientation
3) Metaphase:
sister chromatids align at mitotic spindle
4) anaphase:
sister chromatids are separated at centromeres
5) telophase: nuclear membrane reappears
6) cytokinesis: cells separate, organelles reappear

Question 5

Describe the steps of Meiosis

Answer 5

Meiosis 1)
prophase 1: synapsis: homologous chromosomes are joined, crossing over
anaphase 1: homologous pairs seperate
Meiosis 2) now the cells each have 23 chromosomes, and mitosis occurs as per usual

Question 6

Describe the four postulates of mendelian inheritance

Answer 6

fundamental theory of heredity:
1) Principal of dominance
2) Principal of paired factors ( two alleles for each gene)
3) law of segregation: parental alleles segregate during gamete production
4) law of independent assortment

Question 7

what is it called when genes of nearby locuses on a chromosome stick together

Answer 7

linkage disequilibrium

Question 8

describe the various types of genetic mutation

Answer 8

-chromosomal: non disjunction, major parts changed
- error in DNA replication: point, insertion, and deletion mutations.

Question 9

describe the difference between autosomal recessive and dominant disorders

Answer 9

autosomal recessive disorders skip generations
autosomal dominant disorders appear every generation

Question 10

describe the three types of gene-trait relationships

Answer 10

• polygenic
• pleiotropic
• mendelian