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BIO 669 > bio 660 Neuro > Flashcards

bio 660 Neuro Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a neuron composed of?

A

Cell body, dendrites, axon

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2
Q

What are densely packed cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

Nuclei

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3
Q

What are densely packed cell bodies in the PNS called?

A

Ganglia

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4
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Receptive portions of the neuron; receives information

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5
Q

What do axons do?

A

Carry impulses away from the cell body

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6
Q

Is membrane potential about the inside or outside of the cell?

A

Inside of the cell

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7
Q

What is an electrochemical gradient?

A

Describes the forces affecting ion movement if allowed to become permeable a membrane

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8
Q

When does action potential start?

A

When a membrane is depolarized enough that it triggers voltage-gated ion channels

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9
Q

What is a graded potential?

A

Changes in membrane potential that decrease over distance

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10
Q

What is a refractory period?

A

A period immediately following stimulation that is unresponsive for some time; reduced sensitivity

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11
Q

What is myelin?

A

A segmented layer of lipid material; acts as insulation

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12
Q

What is myelin called in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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13
Q

What are the nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps/regular interruptions in the myelin sheath

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14
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

The flow of ions between segments of myelin rather than along the entire length of the axon

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15
Q

What is divergence?

A

The ability of branching axons to influence many neurons

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16
Q

What is convergence?

A

Branches of numerous neurons converging on one or a few neurons

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17
Q

What is the Central Nervous System (CNS) made up of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) made up of?

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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19
Q

What are afferent pathways?

A

Ascending

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20
Q

What are efferent pathways?

A

Descending

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21
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Regulates voluntary motor control of the skeletal muscles

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22
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Regulates the body’s internal environment through involuntary control of organ systems

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23
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration?

A

Degeneration of a nerve fiber that has been separated by injury or disease

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24
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Gap between neurons

25
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Integration of stimuli occurring at different times

26
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Integration of stimuli occurring at different locations

27
Q

What is the second messenger system?

A

Receptors may activate another molecule inside the cell to make changes

28
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Network of connected nuclei that regulate vital reflexes, such as cardiovascular and respiratory function

29
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Primary motor area and limbic systems

30
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Somatic sensory input

31
Q

What are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual cortex

32
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Primary auditory cortex

33
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

A group of structures involved in the coordination of movement

34
Q

What are the symptoms of upper motor neuron syndrome?

A

Hemiparesis or hemiplegia, diplegia, paraparesis or paraplegia, quadriparesis or quadriplegia

35
Q

What are the symptoms of lower motor neuron syndrome?

A

Flaccid paralysis/paresis, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, fibrillation, muscle atrophy

36
Q

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

A

A neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurons

37
Q

What does “flaccid” mean?

A

Damage to anterior horn cells or ventral root, resulting in no signals to the muscle

38
Q

What does “spastic” mean?

A

Damage to upper motor neurons in the motor cortex, resulting in sporadic stimulation from spinal cord reflexes, with no voluntary control

39
Q

What is paresthesia?

A

Loss of sensory function, characterized by tingling or numbness

40
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

41
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8

42
Q

How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

12

43
Q

How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A

5

44
Q

How many sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

5

45
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

1

46
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

Choroid plexus

47
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

33 (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal)

48
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

A

Cellular structures that selectively inhibit certain potentially harmful substances in the blood from entering the interstitial space of the brain or the CSF

49
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Bundles of myelinated axons in the PNS

50
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

Coordinating and maintaining the steady state among the visceral (internal) organs

51
Q

What is a preganglionic neuron?

A

Myelinated neuron

52
Q

What is a postganglionic neuron?

A

Unmyelinated neuron

53
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Initiates the “fight or flight” response, increasing blood pressure and heart rate while slowing digestion

54
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Initiates the “rest and digest” response, decreasing blood pressure and heart rate while increasing digestion

55
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the heart?

A

Decreases rate; slows and steadies

56
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the heart?

A

Increases rate and force of heartbeat

57
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the GI tract?

A

Increases motility, secretions, and opens sphincters

58
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the GI tract?

A

Decreases motility, secretions, and opens sphincters

BIO 669 (6 decks)

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