bio 660 Neuro

Question 1

What is a neuron composed of?

Answer 1

Cell body, dendrites, axon

Question 2

What are densely packed cell bodies in the CNS called?

Answer 2

Nuclei

Question 3

What are densely packed cell bodies in the PNS called?

Answer 3

Ganglia

Question 4

What are dendrites?

Answer 4

Receptive portions of the neuron; receives information

Question 5

What do axons do?

Answer 5

Carry impulses away from the cell body

Question 6

Is membrane potential about the inside or outside of the cell?

Answer 6

Inside of the cell

Question 7

What is an electrochemical gradient?

Answer 7

Describes the forces affecting ion movement if allowed to become permeable a membrane

Question 8

When does action potential start?

Answer 8

When a membrane is depolarized enough that it triggers voltage-gated ion channels

Question 9

What is a graded potential?

Answer 9

Changes in membrane potential that decrease over distance

Question 10

What is a refractory period?

Answer 10

A period immediately following stimulation that is unresponsive for some time; reduced sensitivity

Question 11

What is myelin?

Answer 11

A segmented layer of lipid material; acts as insulation

Question 12

What is myelin called in the PNS?

Answer 12

Schwann cells

Question 13

What are the nodes of Ranvier?

Answer 13

Gaps/regular interruptions in the myelin sheath

Question 14

What is saltatory conduction?

Answer 14

The flow of ions between segments of myelin rather than along the entire length of the axon

Question 15

What is divergence?

Answer 15

The ability of branching axons to influence many neurons

Question 16

What is convergence?

Answer 16

Branches of numerous neurons converging on one or a few neurons

Question 17

What is the Central Nervous System (CNS) made up of?

Answer 17

Brain and spinal cord

Question 18

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) made up of?

Answer 18

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Question 19

What are afferent pathways?

Answer 19

Ascending

Question 20

What are efferent pathways?

Answer 20

Descending

Question 21

What does the somatic nervous system do?

Answer 21

Regulates voluntary motor control of the skeletal muscles

Question 22

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

Answer 22

Regulates the body’s internal environment through involuntary control of organ systems

Question 23

What is Wallerian degeneration?

Answer 23

Degeneration of a nerve fiber that has been separated by injury or disease

Question 24

What is a synapse?

Answer 24

Gap between neurons

Question 25

What is temporal summation?

Answer 25

Integration of stimuli occurring at different times

Question 26

What is spatial summation?

Answer 26

Integration of stimuli occurring at different locations

Question 27

What is the second messenger system?

Answer 27

Receptors may activate another molecule inside the cell to make changes

Question 28

What is the reticular formation?

Answer 28

Network of connected nuclei that regulate vital reflexes, such as cardiovascular and respiratory function

Question 29

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

Answer 29

Primary motor area and limbic systems

Question 30

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

Answer 30

Somatic sensory input

Question 31

What are the functions of the occipital lobe?

Answer 31

Primary visual cortex

Question 32

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

Answer 32

Primary auditory cortex

Question 33

What is the basal ganglia?

Answer 33

A group of structures involved in the coordination of movement

Question 34

What are the symptoms of upper motor neuron syndrome?

Answer 34

Hemiparesis or hemiplegia, diplegia, paraparesis or paraplegia, quadriparesis or quadriplegia

Question 35

What are the symptoms of lower motor neuron syndrome?

Answer 35

Flaccid paralysis/paresis, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, fibrillation, muscle atrophy

Question 36

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

Answer 36

A neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurons

Question 37

What does "flaccid" mean?

Answer 37

Damage to anterior horn cells or ventral root, resulting in no signals to the muscle

Question 38

What does "spastic" mean?

Answer 38

Damage to upper motor neurons in the motor cortex, resulting in sporadic stimulation from spinal cord reflexes, with no voluntary control

Question 39

What is paresthesia?

Answer 39

Loss of sensory function, characterized by tingling or numbness

Question 40

How many spinal nerves are there?

Answer 40

31

Question 41

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

Answer 41

8

Question 42

How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?

Answer 42

12

Question 43

How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?

Answer 43

5

Question 44

How many sacral spinal nerves are there?

Answer 44

5

Question 45

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

Answer 45

1

Question 46

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

Answer 46

Choroid plexus

Question 47

How many vertebrae are there?

Answer 47

33 (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal)

Question 48

What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

Answer 48

Cellular structures that selectively inhibit certain potentially harmful substances in the blood from entering the interstitial space of the brain or the CSF

Question 49

What are vesicles?

Answer 49

Bundles of myelinated axons in the PNS

Question 50

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

Answer 50

Coordinating and maintaining the steady state among the visceral (internal) organs

Question 51

What is a preganglionic neuron?

Answer 51

Myelinated neuron

Question 52

What is a postganglionic neuron?

Answer 52

Unmyelinated neuron

Question 53

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 53

Initiates the "fight or flight" response, increasing blood pressure and heart rate while slowing digestion

Question 54

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 54

Initiates the "rest and digest" response, decreasing blood pressure and heart rate while increasing digestion

Question 55

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the heart?

Answer 55

Decreases rate; slows and steadies

Question 56

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the heart?

Answer 56

Increases rate and force of heartbeat

Question 57

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the GI tract?

Answer 57

Increases motility, secretions, and opens sphincters

Question 58

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the GI tract?

Answer 58

Decreases motility, secretions, and opens sphincters