APEA specific questions

Question 1

list the 4 trophic hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland?
and
what are trophic hormones

Answer 1

1. ACTH; corticotropin
2. TSH
3. LH
4. FSH

A Tall Lanky Fish

tropic hormones stimulate glands

Question 3

when calcium levels are low, the negative feedback system:

Answer 3

Stimulates the parathyroid to release parathyroid hormone

This hormone raises calcium levels by releasing calcium from your bones,

Calcium = parathyroid

Question 4

Hyperpyrexia (d)

Answer 4

very high fever

Question 5

primary and secondary causes of DM2

Answer 5

Primary:

secondary:
1. stress,emotional stress (high cortosol, epi, glucogon, ghrelin)
2. pregnancy and hormones
3. corticosteroids
4. some infections

Question 6

Primary and secondary hypothyroidism

Answer 6

Primary: high TSH, low T3 or T4
Secondary: low TSH, low T3 & T4

pituitary is responsible for TSH
Thyroid is responsible for T3 & T4

Question 7

Guillian-Barre syndrome (GBS)
caused by:

Answer 7

Respiratory or GI infections.

C. Jejuni infections (worse)
campylobacter jejuni (most common) undercoo

Question 8

Diseases of hyperthyroidism

Answer 8

Graves
goiter
more…

Question 9

Charasterics of Graves Disease

Answer 9

hyperthyroid
GOITER
eye disease (orbitopathy)
occasional myxedema

Graves = AUTOIMMUNE (low TSH, high T3/T4) - - - -because less TSH is pro

Question 10

aspects of Addisons disease

Answer 10

decreased cortisol and aldosterone
aldosterone controls Na & K excretion
indirectly effects H+ ions by K
effects BP by Na

low aldosterone = Hold too much K & put out too much Na

addisons = low aldosterone, cortisol, Na
= high K

Question 11

what do the adrenal glands produce

Answer 11

1. steroid hormones aldosterone & cortisol;
2. adrenal androgens/estrogens
3. catecholamines (epi, norepi)

adrenal gland issues are associated with the following
addisons disease

Question 12

adrenal gland issues are associated with the following diseases

Answer 12

Cushing
addisons

Question 13

In a patient with diabetes insipidus, the resorption of water by the renal tubular collecting ducts can lead to: increased serum sodium. explain this to me

Answer 13

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a condition characterized by excessive urination and thirst. kidneys are unable to properly concentrate urine due to a lack of (ADH/vasopressin), or due to the kidneys’ insensitivity to ADH.

In the renal tubular collecting ducts, ADH plays a crucial role in regulating water reabsorption. When ADH levels are low or the kidneys are insensitive to ADH, as in the case of diabetes insipidus, the collecting ducts are less permeable to water. As a result, more water remains in the urine rather than being reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.

With increased water loss through urine, there is a tendency for the body to become dehydrated. However, while water is lost, electrolytes, particularly sodium, remain in the bloodstream and become more concentrated due to the decreased water content.

So, in a patient with diabetes insipidus, the inability of the kidneys to resorb water leads to increased urine output and consequently, dehydration. This dehydration causes the concentration of sodium in the blood (serum sodium) to increase, a condition known as hypernatremia. Hypernatremia can have various effects on the body, including neurological symptoms such as confusion, weakness, and seizures if severe.

Question 14

most common cause of hyperthyroidism

Answer 14

Graves

Cushin

Graves = autoimmune (too much thyroid hormone = hyperthyroidism)

Question 15

most common cause of hypothyroidism:

Answer 15

hashimotos

hashimotos = chronic AUTOIMMUNE thyroiditis, most common in iodine suffi

Question 16

most common cause of hyperthyroidism

most common cause of hypothyroidism

Answer 16

hyperthyroidism: graves
hypothyroidism: hashimotos

Question 17

which of the following is necessary for linear bone growth in children?

Answer 17

GH
growth hormone

Question 18

ADH and Oxytocin are produced where

Answer 18

Produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary

Question 19

patients with hypothyroidism are also likely to have:

Answer 19

elevated lipids

T3/T4 are responsible for carb, fat, & protein metabolism. Then there is

Question 20

to distinguish between primary and secondary hypothyroidism

Answer 20

To distinguish between primary and secondary hypothyroidism (or any other condition), it’s essential to understand the roles of the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, and hypothalamus in the regulation of thyroid hormone production:

Primary Hypothyroidism: In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland itself is unable to produce sufficient thyroid hormones, typically due to autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis), thyroid surgery, radioactive iodine treatment, or congenital thyroid abnormalities. In primary hypothyroidism, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are usually elevated, indicating that the pituitary gland is trying to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce more hormones.

Secondary Hypothyroidism: In secondary hypothyroidism, the problem lies in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, which fail to produce or release enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), respectively. Without adequate stimulation from TSH, the thyroid gland doesn’t receive the signal to produce thyroid hormones. Therefore, in secondary hypothyroidism, TSH levels are often low or normal, rather than elevated.

Question 21

Hypothalamic / pituitary control of thyroid hormone

Answer 21

hypothalamus > pituitiary > thyroid

hypothalamus:
Pituitary (anterior) = releases TSH which stimulates thyro

Question 22

how hypothalamus effects thyroid levels

Answer 22

The hypothalamus synthesizes and secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in response to low thyroid hormones (thyroxine - T4 and triiodothyronine - T3) in the bloodstream.

TRH acts as a signal to the pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Hypothalamus > TRH > (n anterior pituitary) TSH release > T3/4 released