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MCAT > Bio > Flashcards

Bio Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

No

A

Are all atoms with an odd mass number isotopes?

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2
Q

Bi-directional- replisomes (group of proteins) moves in opposite directions along chromosome during DNA replication Semi conservative- New DNA double strand contains only one newly synthesized stand and one original strand Semi discontinuous- During DNA replication, the new strands formed are both a leading and a lagging strand- lagging strand is fragmented (Okazaki)

A

Conceptually define: Bi-directional Semi conservative Semi discontinuous

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3
Q

Any atom or molecule with more electrons than protons

A

Define anion

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4
Q

An uncontrollable division of cells (most cells die after multiple divisions, but cancer cells don’t)

A

Define cancer

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5
Q

Any atom or molecule with fewer electrons than protons

A

Define cation

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6
Q

Amino acids are different triplets of nucleotides (A,T,C,G) which are translated from mature mRNA strands into proteins.(i.e. ACGGGCATAetc.)Proteins contain many different amino acids which touch each other in the protein strand.

A

Describe how amino acids are related to proteins

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7
Q

No

A

Do all isotopes have an odd mass number (A)?

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8
Q

No.They have their own unique set of codes for their DNA.

A

Does mitochondria use the same genetic code to translate their own DNA?

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9
Q

300px-DNA_chemical_structure_svg.png

A

Draw a short DNA helix

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10
Q

Rate of transcription- RNA has a short half-life, so gene products will only continue to be expressed if DNA is continually transcribed Activators and repressors- Certain substances upregulate DNA transcription (i.e. lactose in the Lac Operon) while other substances downregulate DNA transcription (i.e. glucose in the Lac Operon) Permanent or semi-permanent repression- methylation or other covalent modification that prevents transcription

A

Genes are regulated via three basic mechanisms.What are they?

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11
Q

The lactase gene is only transcribed in the absence of glucose a) no lactase gene (has glucose currently) b) lactase gene c) lactase gene d) no lactase gene (has glucose still)

A

Given the following situations in a bacterium, will the lactose gene be transcribed? a) glucose, no lactose b) lactose, no glucose c) no glucose, no lactose d) lactose and glucose

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12
Q

NON-METALS

A

Smaller atoms with tightly held electrons Form negative ions Lower melting point than metals Usually only form covalent bonds

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13
Q

DNA helicase separates the DNA double helix. DNA polymerase begins by reading 3’-5’, and builds new strand from 5’-3’. For the leading strand, this is a simple process.For the lagging strand, it is more involved.Creates Okazaki fragments, because it has to read 3’-5’ as well.But the lagging strand needs RNA primase to lay down RNA primer.DNA poly can then follow, laying down new DNA.DNA poly I then replaces the RNA primer with DNA nucleotides.The Okazaki fragments are then linked by DNA ligase.

A

Tell the complete DNA story of replication

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14
Q

Translation is the protein synthesis from an mRNA strand, which takes place inside of the ribosome. mRNA leaves the nucleus, now carrying the 5’cap and poly AA tail.The template carries the genetic code from the nucleus in the form of codons.tRNA collects amino acids in the form of anti-codons to match the mRNA. rRNA is combined with protein to make the ribosome.rRNA actively participates in translation. The small subunit and the large subunit are created in the nucleolus, and sent out to the cytoplasm to form the ribosome. Initiation begins when the mRNA attaches to small subunit at 5’ end. tRNA brings anticodons which causes large subunit to attach to form the initiation complex.Elongation follows initiation.This is where the mRNA chain moves through the large and small subunit, and the newly synthesized protein is created one amino acid at a time.Termination is when the nonsense codon is reached. H2O adds to the newly synthesized protein (poly peptide). The newly formed polypeptide leaves the tRNA and ribosome, and the ribosome separates the subunits for later use.

A

Tell the complete story of translation

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15
Q

Only occurs in the nucleus and mitochondrial matrix. Initiation begins with RNA polymerase assembling at the promoter sequence of nucleotides on the DNA strand. RNA poly transcribes the template/antisense strand.Reads 3’-5’ but builds mRNA from 5’-3’. At termination, RNA poly is dissociated from DNA strand. 5’ end gets a cap, and 3’ gets a poly AA tail to protect against exonucleases.Introns are cleaved from mRNA via SNRPS. Spliceosomes splice the exons together.mRNA now leaves the nucleus to be translated into proteins.

A

Tell the story of how RNA is transcribed

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16
Q

Degenerative- more than one series of three nucleotides which may code for any amino acid Unambiguous- only one series of nucleotides will code for only one amino acid

A

The human genetic code is said to be both degenerative and unambiguous.What does this mean?

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17
Q

METALS

A

Very large atoms with loosely held electrons “Like” to lose electrons Like to form positive ions Conducts heat and electricity very well Usually only form ionic bonds

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18
Q

Mutagens that cause cancer

A

What are carcinogens?

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19
Q

A mutation at the chromosome level, where a portion of the chromosom breaks off or is lost during crossing over

A

What are deletions (non-disjunction)?

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20
Q

A type of mutation at the chromosome level, where DNA fragments break off the chromosome and incorporates into homologous chromosome

A

What are duplications (non-disjunctions)?

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21
Q

The law of segregation The law of independent assortment

A

What are Mendel’s laws?

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22
Q

These are proto-oncogenes that are converted into cancer causing genes via mutagens (i.e. UV radiation, chemical, or random mutations)

A

What are oncogenes?

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23
Q

Genes that stimulate normal growth of human cells

A

What are pro-oncogenes?

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24
Q

Telomeres are added to the end of eukaryotic DNA.This helps to protect against the erosion of DNA ends, thus attacking the DNA nucleotide bases. Telomerase catalyzes telomere lengthening, thus protecting the ends of DNA.However, this is dangerous in cancerous DNA, because it is difficult to reach the nucleotide codes with so many telomeres.

A

What are telomeres and why are they important? Why would a cancer with upregulated telomerase be especially harmful?

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25
Q

RNA- 2’ hydroxyl group, single strand, uracil bases, mRNA, tRNA and rRNA, exits nucleus into cytosol DNA- no hydroxyl group, double stranded, thymine base, DNA only, remains in nucleus

A

What are the differences between RNA and DNA?

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26
Q

mRNA- created in the nucleus or mito matrix, and used as a template to synthesize functional proteins tRNA-collects amino acids for ribosome to create proteins from mRNA codes during translation rRNA- created in nucleolus- combines with proteins to create ribosomes- considered an enzyme because it composes 60% of ribosome, which is an enzyme

A

What are the functions of the three kinds of RNA? Which is considered an enzyme?

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27
Q

These are mutations at the chromosome level, where a segment of DNA from one chromosome inserts into another chromosome

A

What are translocations?

28
Q

Using both gametes from the same plant to create offspring

A

What does it mean to self pollinate?

29
Q

Mass number (the number of protons and neutrons)

A

What does the element symbol A represent on the periodic table?

30
Q

Atomic number (number of protons)

A

What does the element symbol Z represent on the periodic table?

31
Q

A type of point mutation where there is an insertion or deletion of base pairs with more or less than three nucleotides.This causes a shift in the DNA sequence, which creates a completely nonfunctional protein

A

What is a frameshift mutation?

32
Q

A set of codes that create our physical traits

A

What is a gene?

33
Q

This is the genetic make-up of a species (alleles, Hh, etc.)

A

What is a genotype?

34
Q

This is the area on a chromosome that has the corresponding gene (same position).

A

What is a locus?

35
Q

Mutation on base pairs during the amino acid coding sequence of gene

A

What is a missense mutation?

36
Q

A mutation is any change in the DNA sequence which varies from the original DNA.They are much more dangerous in the germ cells (sex linked) because they are passed on to offspring.

A

What is a mutation and where are mutations most dangerous, germ cells or somatic cells?

37
Q

A type of missense mutation, however, the protein function isn’t changed.

A

What is a neutral mutation?

38
Q

A substitution or deletion of base pairs which creates a stop codon.This is very harmful in cells, because they hinder the complete synthesis of proteins.

A

What is a nonsense mutation?

39
Q

This is part of Mendelian genetics, representing the parent generation

A

What is a P1 generation?

40
Q

This is the physical expression of a trait (color of eyes, shape of ears, etc.)

A

What is a phenotype?

41
Q

A mutation on DNA that changes a single base pair of nucleotides (i.e. A-T trades out for C-G)- Doesn’t replicate original DNA strand exactly, thus being a mutation.

A

What is a point mutation?

42
Q

In Mendelian genetics, Mendel crossed an F1 generation with a homozygous recessive (hh) parent.The result was a F2 generation of white pea plants, confirming that the F1 allele was heterozygous (Hh)

A

What is a test cross?

43
Q

This is what is given by the gene to the genotype. (Hh, HH, or hh)

A

What is an allele?

44
Q

This is a mutation at the chromosome level, where the orientation of a section of DNA is reversed on the chromosome.

A

What is an inversion?

45
Q

An element with the same number of protons, but has a different number of neutrons than the original mass element

A

What is an isotope?

46
Q

A tumor localized in a small lump

A

What is benign cancer?

47
Q

In Mendelian genetics, this is the second filial generation.These are the product of the F1 and another species.

A

What is F2 generation?

48
Q

This is the genotype of a species, being one dominant and one recessive allele. (Hh)

A

What is heterozygous?

49
Q

This is the genotype of a species, having either both dominant or both recessive alleles. (HH or hh)

A

What is homozygous?

50
Q

A tumor invasive enough to impair function of an organ

A

What is malignant cancer?

51
Q

Cancer cells that separate from from the tumor and enter circulatory systems spreading additional tumors

A

What is metastasis?

52
Q

This is when the newly synthesized protein is given sugars, lipids or phosphate groups to add to their AA complexes.This usually occurs in the E.R. or the Golgi apparatus.

A

What is post-translational modification?

53
Q

A type of missense mutation, however, the amino acid isn’t changed

A

What is silent mutation?

54
Q

This is the self pollination of F1 generation, resulting in 3 dominant alleles to 1 recessive allele.Thus giving us the 3:1 ratio.

A

What is the “Mendelian ratio?”

55
Q

In Mendelian genetics, this is the first group of offspring (first filial) after breeding of P1 (parent) generation.First cross breed.

A

What is the F1 generation?

56
Q

It is a sequence of bacterial DNA containing an operator, promoter, related genes on mRNA.It codes for enzymes that allow E. coli to metabolize lactose during glucose shortage.

A

What is the lac operon, and why is it important?

57
Q

A Mendelian law where the genes on different chromosomes assort independently.

A

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

58
Q

A Mendelian law where the alleles separate independently when forming gametes.

A

What is the Law of Segregation?

59
Q

AUG is the start codon UAA, UAG and UGA are the stop codons (don’t count the stop codons when counting gene sequences, as they are what terminate the code)

A

What is the start codon and three stop codons of the genetic code on mRNA?

60
Q

Nucleotides have a phosphate group, a sugar (usually ribose), and a nitrogenous base (A,T,C or G) DNA nucleotide.jpg Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) via two H-bonds Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G) via three H-bonds

A

What is the structure of a DNA nucleotide? What are the four DNA bases and what are their pairs?

61
Q

A cross of either homozygous dominant with homozygous recessive alleles.

A

What is true breeding?

62
Q

Translation only occurs in the ribosomes.However, when translated in the free-floating ribosomes, the proteins can leave and enter the cytosol.The new proteins that are created in the ribosomes attached to the rough E.R. can send them into the E.R.Eventually they will make their way along and become membrane bound proteins, taking a different set of roles once released from the E.R. or Golgi.

A

Where does translation occur, and what are the differences depending on the location?

63
Q

pyrimidine vs purine.jpg Adenine and Guanine are purines Thymine, cytosine and uracil (RNA) are pyrimidines A bonds to T (or U) via two hydrogen bonds (A2T) C bonds to G via three hydrogen bonds (C3G)

A

Which DNA nitrogenous bases are purines and which are pyrimidines?

64
Q

More electrons, which increase their atomic radius

A

Why are anions larger than their neutral counterpart?

65
Q

Less electrons, thus less atomic radius (increased nuclear attraction)

A

Why are cations smaller than their neutral counterpart?

MCAT (8 decks)

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