bio 224 respiratory Flashcards
Conducting zone
Achieve homeostatic level
-Filtration
- Warmth
- moisturize
Respiratory zone
gas exchange
Respiration basic funtions
Pulmonary ventilation , pulmonary gas exchange, gas trans. and tissue gass exchange
Pulmonary ventilation
movement of air in and out
Pulmonary gas exchange
movement of gases between lung and blood
Gas transport
movemnet of gases through blood
tissue gas exchange
movement of gases between blood and tissues
Bronchioles
smallest airway and simple cubodial epithelium
Known the flow
nares
nasal cavity
nasopharynx
oropharynx
larynogopharynx
larynx
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary brocnhi
tertiary bronchi
mulptiple brnaches of bronchi
broncholes
terminal bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
Type 1 alveolar cells
simple squamous
90% of lung cells
Type 2 alveolar cells
simple cubodial cells
synthesis of SURFACTANT to reduce surface tension
Alveolar macrophages
mobile phagocytes
- clean up and digest debries
pleurae outer to inner
Parietal pleura, pleural cavity and visceral pleura
Inspiration and experation
Bring air in and bring air out
Boyles law
PRESSURE AND VOLUME ARE INVERSLY PROPORTIONATE
The three pressure gradients
Atmospheric pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
Intreapleural pressure
Atmospheric
Pull of gravity on air around us creates atmospheric pressure. Always stays at 760 mm Hg
Intrapulmonary
equalizes with atmospheric pressure between breathes
Intrapleural
pressure found within pleural cavity
does NOT equalize with atmosperic pressure and normally LESS THAN INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE
between breaths
atmospheric; 760
intrapulmonary ; 760
intrapleural; 756
inspiration
atmospheric; 760
intrapulmonary ; 758
intrapleural;754
between inspiration and expiration
atmospheric; 760
intrapulmonary ; 760
intrapleural; 754
expiration
atmospheric; 760
intrapulmonary ; 762
intrapleural; 758
What can go wrong if intrapleural pressure increase to a level at or above atmospheric pressure
LUNGS IMMEDATELY COLLAPSE
BREATHING uses largley
the diaphram
sigh
func; reopens local groups of collapsed alveoli and stimi surfactant
sneeze
clears foreign or irritating substances from the nasal cavity
yawn
open collapsed alveoli
when tired- during sleep; minimize alveolar collapse
after sleep - open alveoli that have collapsed during sleep
100 miles per hour
cough
clears the larynx, trachea and lower airways 500 miles per hour
Physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation
resistance
surface tension
compliance
resistance
prevent force
diameter controlled by smooth muscle
relaxation
bronchodilation
contraction
bronchoconstriction
Surface tension
gas-water boundary
( water molecules form hydrogen bonds)
Water is greatest when alveolu are smallest siameter during expiration
Surfactant
Hydrophobic leaks into H2O and prevents hydrogen bonds shut
Compliance
Ability of lungs and chest wall to strech
determined by 3 factors
- degree of alveolar surface tension
- distensibility of elastic tissue
- ability of the chest wall to move
Degree of alveolar surface tension
surfactant counteracts this collapsing force INCREASES compliance
Distensibility of elastic tissue
gives lungs the ability to strech during inflation INCREASES compliance
Tidal vloume
inhale and exhale at rest
2500-3000
Ability of chest wall to move
or strech during inspiration INSCREASE compliance
Expiratory reserve volume
blowing candles
1500-2500 ml
residual volume
0-1500ml
air that always stays in lungs
Inspiratory reserve volume
3000-6000 ml
how much volume it fills after tidal volume
Inspiratory capaciy
2500-6000
funcational residual capacity
2500-0 ml
vital capacity
all air that goes in and out
1500-6000 ml
Alveolar ventilation rate
volume of air that reaches alveoli
Pulmonary gas exchange
exchange of gases between alveoli and blood
tissue gas exchange
exchange gases between blood in systemic capillaries and body cells
gas behavior
factor that affects gas exchange and pressure that gas exerts and its solubility in water are imporatnt for driving pulmoary and tissue
Daltons law
each gas mixture exerts its own pressure ( Partial pressure)
total pressure of gas mixture is the sum of partial pressure of all it component gases
henrys law
gass dissloves in liquid is PROPORTIONAL to both partial pressure and solubility in liquid
nitrogen
high partial pressure in air and little nitrigen in blood plasma becasue soubility in water is VERY LOW
Oxygen
LOWER partial pressure in air than nitrogen and more soluble in water than nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
lowest partiel pressur eof gasses
Factors affecting efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange
surface area of repiratory membrane, thickness of respiratory membrane and ventilation perfusin matching
Systemic circuit
into tissue cell is higher systemic capillary and 40 mm HG tissue cell
Out is 40 mm hg sysemic and 45 tissue cell
Factors affecting efficiency of tissue gas exhnage
- surface area available for gas exchange
- distance over which diffusion must occur
- perfusion of tissue
What can go wrong
hypoxemia ( low blood oxy level)
hypercapnia ( high blood carbon dioxide leve)
ONLY ___ OF INSPIRAED OXYGEN IS ______ DUE TO POOR SOLUBILITY
1.5%; dissolved in blood plasma
Majority of oxy is transported in blood plasma by
hemoglobin
Loading
oxygen from alveoli binds to Hb in pulmoanry capillaries converts DEOXYHEMOGOBIN T OXYHEMOGLOBIN
Unloading
Hb in systemic capilaries release OXYGEN to cells of tissues
Increased blood P02
loading
decreased p02
umloading
Carbon dioxide
1-10% total CO2 is transported dissolved in blood plasma
Carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system
one of the PRIAMRY SYSTEMS IN BODY pH pf blood changes veyr little from
normal 7.35-7.45
When pH decrease is becomes more
acidic
When pH increases
becomes more basic
Respiratory alkalosis
if hyperventilation higher than 7.45
Hypocapnia ; results in increase in blood pH
Respiratory acidosis
if hypoventilation, lower than 7.35
hypercapnia; causes blood pH to decrease
Dyspnea
feeling shortness of breath
Eupnea
normal breathing
restrictive lung disease
decrease pulmonary compliance and reuce effectivness of inspiration by increasing alveolar surface tension
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
due to heavy smoking, working at cole mines an highly polluted area
Neuromuscualr diseases and chest wall deformites
Stiff chest wall, not purley lung disease
Could be a potenial consequence is pulmonary dysfunction
Pneumocoiosis
arise from inhaltion of inorganic dust particles
inflamtion followed by fibrosis
candles, incences, vapping
Obstructive lung disease
increase airwya resistance; decreases efficiency of expiration
Asthma
hyperresponsive to variety of tiggers
Bronchoconstrion: inflamtion of airwyas and increased productio of thick mucus
Chronic bronchitis
excessive mucus in airways that must be cleared by coughing
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
persistent airway obstrucion that is NOT fully reversible
