Bio 224 lymphatic system Flashcards
Lymphatic system
Fluid homeostasis, extracelular fluid drains into lymphatics back to cardio system
Immune funtions
WBC and filtration
Absorption of dietary fat
fat are too large to pass between endotherlial cells of blood capilaries
Lymphatic vessles and circulation
-low pressure circuit( no main pump)
-Valves prevent lymph from flowing backward
- contracting muscles massage lumph up toward heart
- Driven in part by contraction of smooth muscle
Cells of lymphatic capillary wall are __ joined and are able to ___ and __
NOT, Open and close
Lymphedema
Removal of lymphatic vessles during surgery or blockage of vessels from pathogens such as parasites
- Prevent vessels from transporting fluid back into cardio system
Fluid that leaks from blood capillaries _____ interstitial fluid pressure; forces ___________ apart
Increases, lymphatic endotherilal cells apart
Leukocytes
Lymphoid organs house
Macroopahges
mature moncytes; very active phagocytes
B and T lympocytes
Agranulocyte with diverse immune functions
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
Loosley organized clusters of lymphoid tissue; protect mucous membranes; which are exposed number of pathogens ( Tonsils)
Red pulp
contain macrophages that destroy old erythrocytes
Spleen
largest lymphoid organ in body
Thymus
-T cell school,
-release thymosin that convert b cell into t cells
- cortex contains densely packed t maturing cells
White pulp
filters pathogens from blood and contains leukocytes and dendritic cells
Medulla
Site of destruction t cells that could react to bodys own cells
1 line of defense ( SURFACE BARRIERS
Skin is resistant to mechanical stresses because of serval layers of epithelial cell filled with KERATIN
Sebum
oil
- sebaceous galnds secrte in which is slightly acidic pH
1 line of defense (MUCOUS MEMBRANE)
secrete products that discourage pathogen invasion, namely, sticky substance mucus
- Mucus traps pathogens and protects underlying cells from chemical and mechanical truama
2 line of defense (INNATE IMMUNITY)
rapid ( first 12 hours) , NON-SPECIFIC response to pathogenic invasion and trauma
Macropahge
activated by certain molecules present on pathogens, chem. secrted by damaged cells and signalas from cell of adaptive immunity
Which cells are the first to respond to cellular injury
Activated local macrophages
what else can neutrophils do ?
- ingest many cell type; particularly effective at destroying bacterial pathogens
- relsease contents onto large pathogens to damage thier plasma membranes
Neutrophils
-most numerous granulocytes
-highly effective phagocytes
- Kill their ingested pathogens with chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid and lysozyme
Dendritic cells
function as antigen presenting cells, most important Antigen presenting cell
Eosinophils
Primary involved in responses to parasitic pathogens
- cover parasites
- release contents of thier granules
-
Natural born killers ( NK)
ability to recognize cancerous cells and cells infected with certain viruses in spite of fact they CAN NOT recognize specific antigens
cytotoxic
release substances that destory thier traget cells
other cells of innate immunity
nonphagocytic cells include Nk cell, dendritic cells and basophils
Basophils
mediate inflammation, help enhance inflammation
Complements ( condiments )
produced in liver
- group of molecules known as complement system
- cell lysis, enhance inflammation, neutralized, viruses, enhanced phagocytosis due to ozonization and clearance of immune complexes
cytokines
protiens produced by several types of immune cells which enhance immune response,
- protiens that lukocytes make
Tumor necrosis factor
Attracts phagocytes to area of infection and stimi phagocytes to release additional cytokines
Interferons
Produced in response to infection with intrecelular agents such as viruses or intrecellular bacteria
- primary action is to inhibit viral replication inside host cells
Interleukins
Stimi production of neutriphils by bone marrow, stimi NK cells, trigger production of interferons and activate t cells
Cytokines initiate an
INFLAMATORY RESPONSE
Inflammatory response innate
reponse that occurs when cell is damaged by anything including trauma
- there are 2 basic stages to inflammatory response
Cardinals signs of inflammation
- Rubor ( red)
- Calor ( heat)
- dolor ( pain)
- Tumor ( Swelling)
fever
body temp above normal range which is generally between 36-38 C or 97-99 F
Febrile
individual with fever
Pyrogens are released from where and act where
released from;
Damaged cells or certain bacteria
act where;
hypothalamus
103-101
99-100
bacterial inf
viral inf
Body temp too low ( Negative feedback)
hypthalamus triggers sensation of cold or having chills when fever occurs
Elevated body temp ( negative feedback)
Hypothalamus tiggers includes shivering, increased muscle activity that generates body temp
Cell mediated immunity
first arm of adaptive immune system
- primarly to cells infected with intracellular pthogens, cancer cells and foregin cells such as those from transplanted organ
T cells are formed in the ___ and leave bone marrow and migrate to ___ to mature
bone marrow; thymus
clone
respond to specific antigen
- there are millions of clones but only few cells of each clone exist in body at any given time
Apoptosis
programed death cell
- bind to protiens on plasma membrane of traget cells
( if cell is cancer they bind and self destruct)
effects of Th cells
release interlukins
b cells
- have b cell receptors that bind to specific antigens \
- ## a group of b cells that bind to SPECIFIC antigens is known as clone
Antibodies
protiens secrted by b cells
- Antibodies secrted by b cell clone bind to same antigen as b cell receptor
B cell maturation
- cell of lymohoid line divide into the bone marrow
- b cell mature in the bone marrow where sled -reactive b cells are destryed
- mature naive b cell exit the bone marrow and take up residence in lymo organs
Antibody- mediated immune response
- B- cell clone recognizes specific antigen( triguers it to change and secret antiboides)
- antibody levels in blood rises dramatically ( antibodies directly responsible for actions that lead to destruction of antigens to which they bind)
- persistence of population of b cells (MEMORY B CELLS
Antibody classification
5 basic classes
GAMED
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
IgG
-only antibody that go mother to fetus; cross placenta
- makes up majority of antibodies in serum
IgA ( Alementary canal)
- Found in digestive saliva
- Swallow things that cause inflammation
- Found in secretions such as breast milk and saliva
IgM ( Main)
-1st to be released/ excreted
- release complement
IgE ( Allergy)
- work with basophils
- Cause degranulation
- Cause inflamitory response
- response to allergic response
IgD
- Antibodies found exclusively on the surface of b cells
- Has a role in b cell sensitization and activation
agglutination
(Spider man ties all the bad guys)
- Unite in mass to enchance effect
Precipitation
Soluble antigens bind to the specific antibody
Neutralization
Stop toxic effect of pathogen
compliment activation
self explanatory
Stimulation of inflammation
triggers inflammatory protiens
Antibody-mediated immunological memory
memory b responsbile
- respond more effectivly when antigen is encounered second time
Lag phase
4-5 day
the part where you generaly have been sick
Antibody peak level
7-14 days
Primary immune response
B cell clone specific for that antigen and recognizes it, proliferate and diffrentiates into plasma and memory b cells
Major antibodie invloved in secondary response
IgG
Secondary immune response
when memory b cells encounters antigen for which they are specific
(Last longer than priamry)
shorter lag phase
1-3 days and antibodie peak is 3-5 days
Major antibodie invloved in primary response
IgM
Vaccination ( Immunization)
Exposing individual to antigen to elict primary immune response and generate memory cells
If individual is exposed to antigen again
secondary immune response will occur and symptomes will be minimal
Natural active
getting sick
natural artifical active
modern vaccines
passive natural
baby being born ( IgG)
Passive artifical natural
old stuff w/ horse or something
Hypersensitivity disorders
immune system to overreact can damage tissues
there are 4 types
Immunodeficiency disorders
one or more componentsof immune system fails
Anutoimmune disorders
immune system may treat self antigens as foregin and attack bodys own tissue
type 1 hyper
Immediate hyper ( most common) (ALLERGIES)
- Rapid response, runny nose, skin rash, asthma,
Anaphylatic shock
MOST dramatic immediate hyper. reaction;
release of histamine and othe inflammatory mediators; are responsible for life theathing events
type 2 hyper
Antibody-mediated
- Antibodies procuded by immune response to foregin antigens also bind to SELF antigens
type 2 reactions
-foregin antigens bidn to normal anti.
-donor of erythrocytes into another individual are mismatched using ABO/Rh antigen group
-
Type 3
Immune complex-mediated
- reactions mediated by immune complexes or culaters of soluble antgens bound to anitbodies
type 4
delayed hyper
_ mediated by t cell rather than antibodies
recation generally takes 2-3 days
Contact dermatitis
skin comes into contact with allergn such as oils in posion ivy or poision oak; reuslts in rash that is itchy and occasinally painfull
Tuberulosis
repiratory infection
- bacteriym mycobacterium tuberculosis
Primary immunodeficiencies
genetic or developmental in nature
Hypogammaglobulinemias
common dysfunction of adaptive immunity characterized by decreased in one or more types of antibodies
Secodnary immunodeficencies
acquired through infection ( Truma, cancer)
AIDS
Caused by HIV
Spread through contact with infected blood, semen, vaginal fluid or breast milk
Signs and symptomes of AIDS
due largely to destruction of Th cells,
- TH cells required for almost al part of innare and adaptive immune response to fucntion properly
Auto immune disorders
populations of self reactive t or b cells thats ecrte antibodies bind to self antigens
Multiple sclerosis
( self anitgens not previosuly encountreed by t cells)
infection or truma might release protien and it antigen into circualtion; attack myelin sheath
Rheumatic fever
(foregin antigen mimic self anitgens)
certain viral and bacterial antigens closley resemble normal self anitgens
Type one diabetes
call may inapporiatly express surface molecules
Triggres immune response to these normal self anitgens
