Bio 20: Section 2.1

Question 1

the routes that water & other chemical nutrients take through the biotic & abiotic components of the biosphere

Answer 1

biogeochemical cycles

Question 2

cycle of water

Answer 2

hydrologic cycle

Question 3

place in order of events:
condensation,
water storage in atmosphere,
water storage in oceans,
evaporation

Answer 3

water storage in oceans,
evaporation,
condensation,
water storage in atmosphere

Question 4

place in order of events:
water storage in ice & snow
precipitation
infiltration
snowmelt runoff to streams

Answer 4

precipitation
water storage in ice & snow
snowmelt runoff to streams
infiltration

Question 5

place in order of events:
groundwater storage
freshwater storage
water storage in oceans
springs

Answer 5

groundwater storage
springs (2nd/3rd)
freshwater storage (2nd/3rd)
water storage in oceans

Question 6

place in order of events:
surface runoff
snowmelt runoff to streams
transpiration

Answer 6

snowmelt runoff to streams
surface runoff
transpiration

Question 7

what are some unique properties of water?

Answer 7

universal solvent
relatively high melting & boiling points
adhesive & cohesive properties
high specific heat capacity

Question 8

what is a universal solvent?

Answer 8

can dissolve a wide variety of substances (solutes)

Question 9

one end of a molecule is slightly negative, and the other end is slightly negative

Answer 9

polarity

Question 10

why is water polar?

Answer 10

oxygen atoms are more electronegative, so they hold onto electrons more than hydrogen, making the oxygen slightly negative, while the hydrogen is positive

Question 11

what type of bond does water’s polarity create b/w other water molecules or solutes?

Answer 11

hydrogen bonds

Question 12

how is a hydrogen bonds formed?

Answer 12

a hydrogen bond is formed when an oxygen atom of one water molecule sticks to the hydrogen atom of another water molecule

Question 13

what type of force are hydrogen bonds?

Answer 13

intermolecular forces

Question 14

true/false: you can break hydrogen bonds pretty easily

Answer 14

false

Question 15

why does water have a relatively high melting and boiling point? why does water stay liquid over a large temp range?

Answer 15

because hydrogen bonds are so strong that even when the temp increases (more energy is applied), the bonds don’t break, meaning that higher temp (more energy) is required to boil and melt water
as well as this, since the bonds are so strong water doesn’t change state easily b/c there’s not enough energy to separate the bonds

Question 16

as water freezes, hydrogen bonds become more ____________________

Answer 16

permanent

Question 17

as water freezes, hydrogen bonds hold water molecules _________________ away from each other, making it ___________ dense

Answer 17

farther, less

Question 18

what temp is water the most dense?

Answer 18

4 degrees celsius

Question 19

because 4 degree water is most dense, slightly ______________ water will rise

Answer 19

cooler

Question 20

how does water transport nutrients over a large temp range

Answer 20

b/c it’s a universal solvent and b/c it has a high boiling point so it stays liquid
(transports nutrients through liquid water)

Question 21

water sticks to other things

Answer 21

adhesion

Question 22

water sticks to itself (or other water)

Answer 22

cohesion

Question 23

water at the surface ______________ to other water, creating surface _______________

Answer 23

sticks, tension

Question 24

the amount of energy required to change a given mass of substance a certain temp

Answer 24

heat capacity

Question 25

why does water have a high heat capacity?

Answer 25

b/c water requires a lot of energy (heat) to be transferred to it b/c in order to change temp, meaning that it can hold lots of heat

Question 26

how does water’s high heat capacity benefit the biosphere?

Answer 26

individually (indivi. organisms), temp changes slowly

ecosystems can change temp b/c of there are water bodies (ponds, lakes, oceans, etc.)

globally, water moves through surface currents that transfer heat across the globe without drastically warming up the planet

Question 27

what are 4 ways that organisms gain water?

Answer 27

drinking
food
metabolic water
absorption

Question 28

what are 4 ways that organisms lose water?

Answer 28

feces
urine
breathing
sweating

Question 29

how inundated (full of) water is with other chemicals or toxins

Answer 29

water quality