Bio 20: Section 2.1 Flashcards
the routes that water & other chemical nutrients take through the biotic & abiotic components of the biosphere
biogeochemical cycles
cycle of water
hydrologic cycle
place in order of events:
condensation,
water storage in atmosphere,
water storage in oceans,
evaporation
water storage in oceans,
evaporation,
condensation,
water storage in atmosphere
place in order of events:
water storage in ice & snow
precipitation
infiltration
snowmelt runoff to streams
precipitation
water storage in ice & snow
snowmelt runoff to streams
infiltration
place in order of events:
groundwater storage
freshwater storage
water storage in oceans
springs
groundwater storage
springs (2nd/3rd)
freshwater storage (2nd/3rd)
water storage in oceans
place in order of events:
surface runoff
snowmelt runoff to streams
transpiration
snowmelt runoff to streams
surface runoff
transpiration
what are some unique properties of water?
universal solvent
relatively high melting & boiling points
adhesive & cohesive properties
high specific heat capacity
what is a universal solvent?
can dissolve a wide variety of substances (solutes)
one end of a molecule is slightly negative, and the other end is slightly negative
polarity
why is water polar?
oxygen atoms are more electronegative, so they hold onto electrons more than hydrogen, making the oxygen slightly negative, while the hydrogen is positive
what type of bond does water’s polarity create b/w other water molecules or solutes?
hydrogen bonds
how is a hydrogen bonds formed?
a hydrogen bond is formed when an oxygen atom of one water molecule sticks to the hydrogen atom of another water molecule
what type of force are hydrogen bonds?
intermolecular forces
true/false: you can break hydrogen bonds pretty easily
false
why does water have a relatively high melting and boiling point? why does water stay liquid over a large temp range?
because hydrogen bonds are so strong that even when the temp increases (more energy is applied), the bonds don’t break, meaning that higher temp (more energy) is required to boil and melt water
as well as this, since the bonds are so strong water doesn’t change state easily b/c there’s not enough energy to separate the bonds
as water freezes, hydrogen bonds become more ____________________
permanent
as water freezes, hydrogen bonds hold water molecules _________________ away from each other, making it ___________ dense
farther, less
what temp is water the most dense?
4 degrees celsius
because 4 degree water is most dense, slightly ______________ water will rise
cooler
how does water transport nutrients over a large temp range
b/c it’s a universal solvent and b/c it has a high boiling point so it stays liquid
(transports nutrients through liquid water)
water sticks to other things
adhesion
water sticks to itself (or other water)
cohesion
water at the surface ______________ to other water, creating surface _______________
sticks, tension
the amount of energy required to change a given mass of substance a certain temp
heat capacity
why does water have a high heat capacity?
b/c water requires a lot of energy (heat) to be transferred to it b/c in order to change temp, meaning that it can hold lots of heat
how does water’s high heat capacity benefit the biosphere?
individually (indivi. organisms), temp changes slowly
ecosystems can change temp b/c of there are water bodies (ponds, lakes, oceans, etc.)
globally, water moves through surface currents that transfer heat across the globe without drastically warming up the planet
what are 4 ways that organisms gain water?
drinking
food
metabolic water
absorption
what are 4 ways that organisms lose water?
feces
urine
breathing
sweating
how inundated (full of) water is with other chemicals or toxins
water quality
