BIO...

Question 1

directly manipulate the genes of organisms in the laboratory so they will manifest a wide array of traits

Answer 1

genetic engineering

Question 2

The resulting organisms are then called….

Answer 2

genetically modified organisms or GMOs

Question 3

and gene manipulation is accomplished through

Answer 3

recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology

Question 4

have devoted their resources to establish a genetic engineering and biotechnology laboratory.

Answer 4

Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts

Question 5

• The birth of genetic engineering took place in…when … of Stanford University and … University of California School of Medicine produced the first transgenic organism.
• gave birth to recombinant DNA technology

Answer 5

1972, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer

Question 6

An organism is said to be … if it has foreign genes incorporated in its genome.

Answer 6

transgenic

Question 7

are circular DNA molecules in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells that can self-replicate.

Answer 7

Plasmids

Question 8

first transgenic organism

Answer 8

Escherichia coli

Question 9

The recombinant DNA was initially called

Answer 9

chimera

Question 10

mythological creature—Chimera, one that has the head of a …, body of a …, and tail of a …

Answer 10

lion, goat, snake

Question 11

first transgenic animal was a

Answer 11

mouse

Question 12

introduced a foreign gene in a mouse embryo

Answer 12

Rudolf Jaenisch in 1974

Question 13

became the first human protein that can be produced in genetically engineered E. coli.

Answer 13

1976, somatostatin

Question 14

two years later, … can already be produced by the same bacterial species

Answer 14

insulin

Question 15

became the first genetically engineered crop, making it resistant to herbicide.

Answer 15

1983, tobacco by Michael Bevan, Richard Flavell, and Mary-Dell Chilton

Question 16

serves as the blueprint of life

Answer 16

DNA

Question 17

• specific instructions in cells are present in the form of DNA
  fragments called
• the most valuable resource in genetic engineering

Answer 17

genes

Question 18

serve as phenotypic determiners

Answer 18

protein

Question 19

The first step in the genetic engineering of organisms is to first identify a

Answer 19

gene of interest

Question 20

This gene of interest is introduced into the cell of a

Answer 20

host organism

Question 21

a GM crop that received its foreign genes from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis

Answer 21

Bt corn

Question 22

an alternative name for the Bt toxin

Answer 22

cry protein

Question 23

a Japanese biologist, and he determined its capacity to kill silkworms.

Answer 23

Shigetane Ishiwatari

Question 24

isolated by

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Ernst Berliner

Question 25

He then made the report that a crystalline protein was present in the

Answer 25

spore of the bacterium

Question 26

The most important resources in isolating the gene of interest from the source organism are the

Answer 26

restriction endonucleases

Question 27

specific regions

Answer 27

recognition sequences

Question 28

The study on the use of restriction enzymes in bacterial cells was pioneered by

Answer 28

Werner Arber

Question 29

the actual discovery of restriction endonucleases was made by

Answer 29

Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathans

Question 30

used to locate the gene of interest

Answer 30

probe

Question 31

In this method, gold or tungsten particles are shot into the cell at high velocity. These particles are coated with DNA containing the gene of interest

Answer 31

microprojectile bombardment

Question 32

is performed by subjecting the host cell into short electrical bursts to allow the entry of DNA into the cells.

Answer 32

electroporation

Question 33

a segment of the introduced plasmid is inserted into the chromosome

Answer 33

Ti plasmid (tumor-inducing plasmid)

Question 34

- The bacterial plasmid is used as the - is a DNA molecule where the gene of interest is inserted to serve as a vehicle for incorporation in the host DNA.

Answer 34

vector