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BYU > Bio 130 > Flashcards

Bio 130 Flashcards

1
Q

STR

A

Single tandem repeat. Helps differentiate between people’s DNA.
(TTTTTT vs TTTTTTTTTTTTTT)

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2
Q

Homology

A

Similar traits that come from common ancestor

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3
Q

Analogy

A

Similar traits that develop separately

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4
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

regulate cell growth. gene that if TURNED ON leads to cancer

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5
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

regulate cell growth, brakes on cell growth that leads to cancer. genes that if TURNED OFF leads to cancer

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6
Q

Telomere

A

shortens with each DNA synthesis, causing aging. if telomerase is TURNED ON in non-gonadal cells it leads to cancer

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7
Q

Contact Inhibition

A

Cells cease growth if they touch each other. if TURNED OFF causes cancer

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8
Q

Anchorage Dependence

A

requires normal cells to attatch to a solid surface tospread and grow, if TURNED OFF causes cancer

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9
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

Equal # of A & T. Also G & C

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10
Q

Law of Segregation

A

each gametes contains only a single allele of any given gene

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11
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

alleles of different genes should be passed on independent of each other

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12
Q

Linked Genes

A

Exceptions to Law of Independent Assortment. Genes close to each other on chromosome often get inherited together

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13
Q

Helicase

A

“unzips” 2 strands of DNA by breaking H bonds

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14
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

“builder”, replicates DNA molecules to build new strand of DNA

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15
Q

Primase

A

“initializer”, makes primers so DNA Polymerase can figure out where to start

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16
Q

Ligase

A

“glues” DNA fragments together

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17
Q

PCR

A

method used to make a ton of copies of a specific DNA sample

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18
Q

qPCR

A

monitors amplification of targeted DNA molecules during PCR. Measures in increases in florescent signals

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19
Q

Western Blot

A

detects specific PROTEINS in sample by creating antibodies that bind to the protein and show up on the test

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20
Q

Northern Blot

A

study gene expression by detection of RNA in sample. can see if something’s off in patients by unusual amounts of RNA

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21
Q

Nondisjunction

A

happens in Anaphase. Chromosomes/chromatids separate unequally

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22
Q

incomplete dominance

A

dominant and recessive, but dominant cant take over completely. creates new phenotype (ex: red + white= pink)

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23
Q

Codominance

A

2 dominant. both take up dominance. (ex: spotted pink and white flower)

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24
Q

Ploidy Number

A

number of copies of chromosomes (2n, 3n, etc.)

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25
Q

mRNA splicing and processing

A

remove introns, splice exons together

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26
Q

Codon

A

3 nucleotides in mRNA, code for amino acid

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27
Q

Anticodon

A

3 nucleotides in tRNA, pair to codon

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28
Q

missense mutation

A

nucleotide replaced, amino acid changes

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29
Q

frameshift mutation

A

nucleotide is either inserted or deleted. Everything after is shifted

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30
Q

silent mutation

A

nucleotide replaced, codes for same amino acid though

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31
Q

nonsense mutation

A

nucleotide replaced, codes to stop

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32
Q

What charge is DNA

A

negative

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33
Q

Calorie

A

amount of energy required to raise temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celius

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34
Q

Calorie formula

A

(water mass)(temp change)/(mass of food burned)

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35
Q

Carbs

A

provide energy, some structural

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36
Q

Proteins

A

function and structure

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37
Q

lipid

A

store energy

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38
Q

Nucleic acid

A

build DNA

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39
Q

Isotope

A

same element, different masses

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40
Q

Macromolecules

A

Protein, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids

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41
Q

Saturated fat

A

single-stranded bonds, causes it to stack and be able to be solid at room temperature

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42
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

double-stranded bonds, can’t stack because of bend, liquid at room temperature

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43
Q

Covalent Bond

A

sharing electrons

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44
Q

Hydrophilic particles

A

attracted to water. charged, ionic, polar

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45
Q

Hydrophobic particles

A

repelled by water. noncharged, non-polar

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46
Q

If an element is on a far side of the elemental table it is more likely to create an…

A

ionic bond

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47
Q

ionic bonds

A

transfer of electrons (ex: NaCl)

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48
Q

Adhesion

A

water molecules are attracted to other surfaces

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49
Q

Cohesion

A

water molecules are attracted to each other

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50
Q

High surface tension

A

hydrogen bonds are strong enough to hold certain objects with small mass without bonds breaking

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51
Q

High standard heat

A

since hydrogen bonds are harder to break, it takes more energy to change the state of water

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52
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that catalyze reactions by lowering their activation energy

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53
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

energy releasing

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54
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

energy absorbing

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55
Q

Passive Transport

A

energy-free/ natural movement of molecules. High to low conc. (facilitated, simple)

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56
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

diffusion happens naturally if provided a channel to move across

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57
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

only small, nonpolar molecules can cross membrane without help

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58
Q

Active Transport

A

requires energy to move molecules across. Often moves against conc. gradient (not all the time though)

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59
Q

Hypotonic environment

A

environment has less solute. water goes into cell.

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60
Q

Hypertonic environment

A

environment has more solute. water comes out of cell

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61
Q

Isotonic environment

A

environment and cell have same levels of solute

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62
Q

Fluid-mosaic model

A

membranes are fluid, things can move in them and are constantly changing

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63
Q

Desmosome Junction

A

connect cytoskeletons to cell for cell communication

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64
Q

Tight Junction

A

seal in cells for cell communication

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65
Q

Gap Junction

A

channel between cells for cell communication

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66
Q

3 stages of Cellular Respiration

A

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

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67
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

breaking down stored energy in sugar to make useful energy in form of ATP

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68
Q

Glycolysis

A

breaking down glucose to make Pyruvate (also get NADH and ATP)

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69
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

takes carbon chain. Outputs: NADH, ATP, CO2

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70
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Uses elections to transport H across conc. gradient

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71
Q

Photosynthesis

A

energy from sun to create glucose

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72
Q

light-dependent reactions

A

make ATP and NADH to power light-dependent reactions. Photosystem II –> Cytochrome B –> Photosystem II –> NADH

73
Q

Light-Independent Reactions

A

take energy from light-dependent reactions to make sugar. Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration. Makes 6 G3P (2 makes glucose)

74
Q

Where do homologous chromosomes separate in Meiosis?

A

Anaphase I

75
Q

Where do sister chromatids separate in Meiosis?

A

Anaphase II

76
Q

Mitosis

A

replicates your cells. happens in all cells

77
Q

Meiosis

A

replicates DNA for reproduction. happens in gonads

78
Q

Prophase

A

nuclear envelope disappears, spindle fibers form, chromosomes condense

79
Q

Metaphase

A

centrioles, microtubules attach to chromosomes

80
Q

Anaphase

A

chromatids separate

81
Q

Telophase

A

nucleus reforms, spindles disappear, DNA decondenses

82
Q

Cytokinesis

A

two cells are formed

83
Q

Cell stages

A

G1, S, G2, M. also G1/G2 checkpoints

84
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

related species evolve different characteristics due to different environments or pressures

85
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

unrelated species evolve similar characteristics due to similar environments or pressures

86
Q

Node

A

common ancestor

87
Q

Clade

A

grouping that includes a common ancestor and descendants

88
Q

Parsimony

A

simplest explanation for a phenomenon is most likely to be correct

89
Q

Synapomorphy

A

shared trait that distinguishes a certain clade from others

90
Q

Monophyletic

A

single common ancestor and all its descendants

91
Q

Paraphyletic

A

common ancestor and some descendants

92
Q

G1 Phase

A

cell just doing its thing

93
Q

S Phase

A

Synthesis. DNA replication

94
Q

G2 Phase

A

normal cell stuff, prep for mitosis a little

95
Q

M Phase

A

Mitosis. cell division

96
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage.

97
Q

G0 Phase

A

If cell doesn’t pass G1 checkpoint it goes to this rest phase

98
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

checks for DNA damage, DNA replication completeness. if fail, apoptosis

99
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

100
Q

M checkpoint

A

spindle checkpoint. checks for chromosome attachment to spindle during Metaphase

101
Q

No mutation

A

No new alleles are generated by mutation, nor are any genes duplicated or deleted

102
Q

Random mating

A

Organisms mate randomly with each other, with no preference for particular groups

103
Q

No gene flow

A

Neither individuals nor their gametes enter or exit the population

104
Q

Very large population size

A

Population should be effectively infinite in size

105
Q

No natural selection

A

All alleles confer equal fitness

106
Q

Genetic drift

A

Allele frequencies of population change over generations due to chance

107
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Size of population is greatly reduced because of natural disaster

108
Q

Founder effect

A

Genetic drift caused by small group splitting off from main population to find a colony

109
Q

Law of Superposition

A

rocks on bottom layer are oldest, top-newest

110
Q

Violations of Hardy Weinburg

A

natural selection, mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, non-random mutation

111
Q

Equations for Hardy Weinburg

A

pp+2pq+qq=1
p+q=1

112
Q

Pros and Cons of Sexual Reproduction

A

Pros: more survivors, flexible with mutations
Cons: less offspring, takes more energy

113
Q

Pros and Cons of Asexual Reproduction

A

Pros: More offspring, takes less energy
Cons: less survivors, copies every single trait

114
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

differences between males and females of a species

115
Q

Bateman’s Principle

A

the sex with the greatest parental investment will be more choosy when determining the mate, other sex is flashy and/or competitive

116
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

classify organisms based on physical similarities

117
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

classify species based on shared genetic history

118
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

classify species based on ability to mate and reproduce

119
Q

Ecological Species Concept

A

classify species based on ecological niche

120
Q

Reproductive Isolationism

A

Temporal, Habitat, Behavioral, Mechanical, Gametic, Hybrid Inviability, Hybrid Sterility

121
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

mating/flowering at different times/seasons

122
Q

Habitat Isolation

A

populations live in different habitats, don’t meet

123
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

little/no sexual attraction

124
Q

Mechanical Isolation

A

Genital Structural differences, prevent copulation/pollen transfer

125
Q

Gametic Isolation

A

gametes fail t unite in fertilization

126
Q

Hybrid Inviability

A

hybrid zygotes fail to develop/reach maturity

127
Q

Hybrid Sterility

A

hybrids can’t produce functional gametes

128
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

location differences cause populations to evolve into different species

129
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

behavioral trait causes difference in species

130
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A

shared ancestral traits

131
Q

Polyphyletic

A

share traits but not common ancestor

132
Q

Exponential Growth Rate Equation

A

N/t=rN

133
Q

Logistical Growth Rate Equation

A

N/t=rN(K-N)/K

134
Q

Density Dependent Limitations

A

resources, disease, predation, waste, social behaviors

135
Q

Density Independent

A

natural disasters, drastic weather changes

136
Q

Environmental Stochasticity

A

random and unpredictable changes in the environment

137
Q

terminal investment

A

individuals that encounter survival threat compromised future reproductive potential, they will reproduce earlier

138
Q

K-selected species

A

How much an environment can hold determines survival

139
Q

r-selected species

A

How much a species can reproduce determines survival

140
Q

Ultimate Cause of Behavior

A

evolutionary explanation, focus on selective agents and fitness

141
Q

Proximate Cause of Behavior

A

mechanistic explanation, focus on how it works on a genetic/physiological explanation

142
Q

Epigenetic

A

what proteins you DO make

143
Q

Genetic

A

what proteins you CAN make

144
Q

Environmental

A

when and how much proteins you make

145
Q

Intraspecific

A

relationship between animals of same species

146
Q

Interspecific

A

relationship between animals of different species

147
Q

Constituent Defenses

A

characteristics that are present with or without predation

148
Q

Inducible Defenses

A

characteristics that are only present with predation

149
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

harmless species mimics deadly/poisonous one

150
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

mimicry where both species are harmful

151
Q
A
152
Q

Symbiotic +/+

A

Mutualism, Cooperation

153
Q

Symbiotic +/0

A

commensalism

154
Q

Symbiotic +/-

A

predation, parasitism, selfishness, altruism (selflessness)

155
Q

Symbiotic -/-

A

competition

156
Q

Symbiotic -/0

A

spite

157
Q

Keystone species

A

species that affect survival of most other species in niche

158
Q

Top-down regulation

A

higher trophic levels affect lower ones

159
Q

Bottom-up regulation

A

lower trophic levels affect higher ones

160
Q

Carbon Isotopes

A

more negative=more leafy green diet

161
Q

Nitrogen Isotopes

A

higher= more protein in diet

162
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

take atmosphere N2 and “fix” it into NH3. (Lightning, UV radiation, Industrial Chambers)

163
Q

Nitrification

A

taking Ammonia (NH3/NH4+) and creating Nitrite (NO2/NO3

164
Q

Nitrogen Assimilation

A

Nitrogen is taken up by organisms, change inorganic to organic

165
Q

Ammonification

A

return N to soil from organisms, released by bacteria and fungi (decomp)

166
Q

Denitrification

A

conversion of Nitrate back into atmosphere N2

167
Q

Fluxes of Nitrogen Cycle

A

Nitrogen Fixation, Nitrification, Denitrification, Ammonification, Nitrogen Assimilation, Consumption

168
Q

Fluxes of Water Cycle

A

Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Transpiration, Consumption, Sublimation

169
Q

Fluxes of Carbon Cycle

A

Photosynthesis, Cellular respiration, Combustion, Consumption, Decomposition, Diffusion

170
Q

Vacuole

A

store water and eliminate waste

171
Q

Chloroplast

A

photosynthesis

172
Q

Mitochondria

A

creates energy

173
Q

Lysosome

A

degrades and gets rid of waste

174
Q

Rough ER

A

where proteins are produced

175
Q

Smooth ER

A

synthesizes lipids

176
Q

Ribosomes

A

actually make the proteins

177
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

ships the products out

178
Q

Nucleus

A

stores the DNA

179
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

help make up structure of cells

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