Bio 110 Lab 5 Flashcards
Any model is a representation of reality, based on:
Knowledge obtained through X-ray crystallography or other studies.
Number of holes represents:
The number of valance electrons available for bonding.
A molecule will not be (???) until all of it’s holes are (???).
Complete
Filled
The models we worked with do not give
Accurate Scale
Black represented:
Carbon
Orange represented:
R Groups
Red represented:
Oxygen
Blue represented:
Nitrogen
Yellow represented:
Hydrogen
The 4 classes of macromolecules are:
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and amino acids.
All cells are made up of:
Macromolecules.
A polar molecule is one with a:
Positive region and a negative region.
A polar molecule occurs due to:
Electronegativity.
Electronegativity
The tendency of an atom to pull electrons to itself.
An electronegative atom will steal electrons, and will:
The other atoms will:
gain a partially negative charge.
be left with a partially positive charge.
A Compound with an electronegative atom such as (??? X3) will most likely be:
Oxygen, nitrogen, or phosphorus
Polar.
An extremely large molecule with only one electronegative atom will most likely be:
Nonpolar.
Polar molecules are hydro—- and will or will not dissolve in water?
hydrophilic
will dissolve.
In a water molecule which end is positive and which is negative?
Oxygen is negative, hydrogen is positive.
Hydrocarbons
Molecules made up of only carbon and hydrogens with covalent bonds.
Hydrocarbons make up the…
backbones for more complex organic molecules.
Organic molecules are…
those containing carbon and usually hydrogen.
Double bonds make an atom…
more stable.
Proteins are macromolecules composed of…
Amino acids joined with peptide bonds.
Amino acids are also called
peptides.
Peptide bonds are formed by
dehydration reactions (condensation reactions).
Enzymes are make of —– and do —– of a cell.
proteins, all the work
Functions of proteins include…
protection (skin, hair, nails)
movement (muscles)
transport of molecules (hemoglobin)
immunity (antibodies)
Amino acids consist of…
A central carbon (alpha carbon) with a hydogen
an amino group
a carboxyl group
and an R group
An amino group is (formula)…
NH2 or +NH3 (ionized)
A carboxyl group is (formula)…
COOH or COO (one - ionized)
2 joined amino acids form a
dipeptide. (and a water by dehydration)
A starch is a…
complex carbohydrate.
Complex carbohydrates are composed of…
hundreds of simple sugars.
Glucose is…
a simple sugar, used as an energy source.
Complex carbohydrates are used for…
storage or structural components.
Examples of complex carbohydrates…
Starch in the root of potatoes
Cellulose in plants
mucus in humans
In the absence of water, glucose will be…
a straight chain.
In water straight chain sugars form…
rings.
Sucrose is…
table sugar.
Fructose is from…
fruit.
Nucleotides are
the subunits of DNA and RNA.
DNA and RNA are both
nucleic acids.
DNA carries
information from parents to offspring and the molecule that tells a living thing what to be.
RNA is for
temporary information storage.
DNA is found in
the nucleus.
RNA is found in
the nucleus or with ribosomes on the rough ER.
Ribose has what compared to deoxyribose?
One extra oxygen atom, resulting in a hydroxyl group.
Lipids come in the form of
steroids, phospholipids, fats and oils.
Steroids are
chemical messengers of the body composed of 4 fused rings.
Phospholipids make
membranes composed of Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and phosphate.
The subunits of fats and oils are
3 fatty acids and one glycerol head group.
Fats are
energy storage.
Adipose tissue
specialized fat cells where humans store fat. (waist, under eyes, thighs)
Waxy nature of some plants is due to…
lipids and will help retain water, or make it difficult for insects to eat the leaves.
Saturated fatty acids…
solid at room temperature; long hydrocarbon made with only single bonds; impossible to add anymore hydrogen.
Oils are…
liquid at room temperature, unsaturated fatty acids, have double bonds, so more hydrogens could be added.
The head of a phospholipid is
Polar.
