BIO 102 FINAL Flashcards
Natural Selection
Individual more fit than other members of its species
Sexual Selection
an individual is more fit than other individuals of the same sex
Advantage of sexual selection
genetic variation
sexual selection can be
simple or elaborate
simple example
garter snakes come out of den in spring, all want to mate
elaborate example
dance fly, male has to give gift (insect wrapped in silk) to female.
if preferred males are genetically different, then what is occuring
sexual selection
promiscuous meadow vole
many mates, both male and female
monogamous prairie vole
pair-bonding, one mate for life
active vasopressin receptor gene
desire to have one mate
for side-blotched lizard, what are the 3 different colored males and which one works the best?
orange: dominant male with harem
blue: guards single mate
orange: mimics female (works best)
behavior
what an animal does when interacting with its environment
Darwins early ideas about behaviors
structures and behaviors can impact fitness
innate behavior
an immediate, automatic response to a specific stimulus (reflex response)
fixed action pattern
a series of reflex responses
ex. yawning
drive
internal stimulus promotes behavior
ex. finding water
learned behavior
offspring learn who parent was
experiences
imprinting
learning during a sensitive period of time
associative learning
relating one stimulus to another
ex. bell when food for dog
habituation
learning to ignore specific stimuli
latent learning
learning while focused on other activities
ex. kangaroo mole finds food and finds escape routes
insight
using prior knowledge in a new situation
Hominin
“human-like” species ~5.5 mya
types of data analyzed
fossils, homo ergaster
major transitions in Hominin evolution 5 mya 2.3 mya 1.5 mya 500 tya 30 tya
5: walking upright
2. 3: stone tools
1. 5: large hand axes, shelters
500: better tools, social cooperation
30: “modern human” paintings, jewelry, rituals
Ardipithecus
long arms, canine teeth
Oldest known hominan species
australopithecus
brain bigger, arms shorter
homo habilus
larger brain
“hominan” most like man
homo erectus
first species to leave Africa
homo neanderthalensis and homo sapiens
stronger, bigger brains
larger cerebral cortex
processes senses info, memory, emotions
large area of human brain controls
mouth/tongue
FOXP2 gene
language gene
neurotransmitters
produced by genes
can affect mood, anxiety, OCD
Norepinephrine (adrenaline), dopamine, seratonine
human parasites
protists
fungi
worms
arthropods (ticks)
parasites can impact human
fitness
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
Escherichia coli
E. Coli bacteria
usually harmless to humans (vitamin K)
Tuberculosis bacteria
1/3 humans infected
scars and damages tube in body
resistance to antibiotics
Cholera bacteria
contaminated drinking water, rapid diarrhea
plasmodium
malaria protist, increased nitric oxide in blood reduces parasite
Karyotype
an individuals chromosomes
meiosis
2N => 1N
fertilization
1N + 1N = 2N
mitosis
2N => 2N
genetic disorder
a predictable set of consequences caused by mutations
extra chromosome in 21
down syndrome
cystic fibrosis (CF)
excess mucus, increased infections.
CFTR
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane-conducting Regulator.
change in protein that conducts chloride ions
Huntington’s Disease
damage to brain, loss of muscle control and dementia.
Mutated Huntington gene: CAG codon repeat
hemophilia A
excess bruising, slow clotting
sex-linked gene
stem cells
have the potential to become many different types of cells
embryonic stem cells can become
any type of body cell
genetic screening
learning about an organisms genetic makeup
newborn and adult screening
blood test can identify certain alleles and proteins present
gene therapy
“fixing” alleles with microinjection
severe combined immunodeficiency
bubble boy disease
virus used to infect stem cells with functioning allele
eugenetics
use genetics and evolution to “improve” the human population
sterilization 1927
criminals, epileptics, mentally retarded people infertile
scientific flaws with eugenetics
improper analysis of data
nurture, not just nature
genetic engineering
altering DNA using technology
DNA can be cut into fragments with
restriction enzymes
plasmid
circular DNA that can multiply in bacteria
recombined DNA
plasmid cut, piece of restriction enzyme put into cut part
polymerase
polymerase chain reaction is making copies of DNA
GMO
genetically modified organism
transgenic
organisms contain DNA from a different species
Bt corn
protein from bacillus thuringiensis repels European Corn Borer(insect)
“Golden” rice
produce beta-carotene in seed (vitamin A)
chimeras
phenotypes of two or more organisms
reproductive cloning
genetically same as another person
ex. elvis presley
Dolly 1997
first successful clone of adult mammal
egg donor, DNA donor, surrogate mother
cancer
mutations lead to uncontrolled cell growth
Henrietta Lack
1920-1951
HeLa cells: Immortal
Increase mitosis
cell division
decrease apoptosis
cell death
proto-oncogene
pre cancer gene
oncogene
cancer gene
tumor suppressor gene
mutates to tumor growth
colorectal cancer
can be due to up to 8 mutations in a single cell
free radical mutagens damage what?
DNA
telomeres
ends of chromosomes
enhancement gene therapy example
cure baldness
reviving relic DNA
bringing back extinct animal with surrogate
approx how frequently do hare-lynx populations cycle
11 years
chance altering allele frequencies
genetic drift
praire dogs have 2 entrances in underground homes because
airway/circulation
escape route
fitness
organisms ability to produce offspring
kinesis and taxis movement
kinesis is a random movement that is not headed toward or away from a stimulus.
taxis is a directed movement toward or away from a stimulus.
autosomal
indicates that the gene for this trait is located on one of the 22 pairs of chromosomes that is not the sex pair.
mother or father determine sex of child
father
Non-Mendelian
traits are following patterns of inheritance that go beyond the patterns explained by mendel of a trait determined by one gene with a dominant and recessive version.
viruses do not reproduce on their own. how do they?
take over an organisms cell
reverse transcriptase
a DNA polymerase enzyme that can transcribe single-stranded RNA into single-stranded DNA
3 main shapes of bacteria
coccus (round)
rod
spiral
animals that carry other disease organisms are called
vectors
Name all Hominan from 3 mya to current
australopithecus africanus paranthropus robustus homo habilis homo erectus homo neanderthalensis homo sapiens
1974 discovery of “Lucy” fossil for australopithecus afarensis
bipedal walking
another word for red blood cells
erythrocytes
sickle cell anemia
dominant or recessive?
recessive
sickle cell anemia changes red blood cells from a circle shape to what?
sickle shape
“half moon”
what do restriction enzymes do?
cut DNA molecules at particular sequences of base pairs
plant tumor, also called gall forms..
around the bacteria and produces types of amino acids that bacteria consume
genetically engineered chimeras examples
“geep” 1984 goat-sheep
“quail-chick” 1987
blastocyst
human embryonic stem cells are derived from a microscope ball of cells
pluripotent
have the ability to give rise to multiple cell types found in human body
DNA fingerprinting relies on a technique called
linkage analysis
Kleinfelter’s Syndrome
2 X Chromosomes
1 Y Chromosome
Turner’s Syndrome
1 X Chromosome
0 Y Chromosomes
Glycolysis
series of chemical reactions that results in glucose being broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Bowerbird scientific name
Ptilonorhynchus violaceus
Pseudogenes
inactive genes that appear to have been active in ancestral species
How do male bowerbirds attract females?
Dance and sing using bower as a stage
What did Jane Goodall discover?
That chimps and other animals have emotions and can communicate with each other
Where were the hobbit human ancestors found and when?
Flores Asia
18,000 years ago
Theory
Body of knowledge that attempts to explain a phenomenon
Allele
Different versions of same gene
Transcription
making mRNA copy portion of DNA
Gene
Regions of DNA that code for a protein
