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Bacc Core OSU > BIO 102 FINAL > Flashcards

BIO 102 FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Natural Selection

A

Individual more fit than other members of its species

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2
Q

Sexual Selection

A

an individual is more fit than other individuals of the same sex

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3
Q

Advantage of sexual selection

A

genetic variation

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4
Q

sexual selection can be

A

simple or elaborate

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5
Q

simple example

A

garter snakes come out of den in spring, all want to mate

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6
Q

elaborate example

A

dance fly, male has to give gift (insect wrapped in silk) to female.

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7
Q

if preferred males are genetically different, then what is occuring

A

sexual selection

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8
Q

promiscuous meadow vole

A

many mates, both male and female

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9
Q

monogamous prairie vole

A

pair-bonding, one mate for life

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10
Q

active vasopressin receptor gene

A

desire to have one mate

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11
Q

for side-blotched lizard, what are the 3 different colored males and which one works the best?

A

orange: dominant male with harem
blue: guards single mate
orange: mimics female (works best)

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12
Q

behavior

A

what an animal does when interacting with its environment

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13
Q

Darwins early ideas about behaviors

A

structures and behaviors can impact fitness

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14
Q

innate behavior

A

an immediate, automatic response to a specific stimulus (reflex response)

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15
Q

fixed action pattern

A

a series of reflex responses

ex. yawning

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16
Q

drive

A

internal stimulus promotes behavior

ex. finding water

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17
Q

learned behavior

A

offspring learn who parent was

experiences

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18
Q

imprinting

A

learning during a sensitive period of time

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19
Q

associative learning

A

relating one stimulus to another

ex. bell when food for dog

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20
Q

habituation

A

learning to ignore specific stimuli

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21
Q

latent learning

A

learning while focused on other activities

ex. kangaroo mole finds food and finds escape routes

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22
Q

insight

A

using prior knowledge in a new situation

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23
Q

Hominin

A

“human-like” species ~5.5 mya

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24
Q

types of data analyzed

A

fossils, homo ergaster

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25
Q 
major transitions in Hominin evolution
5 mya
2.3 mya
1.5 mya
500 tya
30 tya
A

5: walking upright
2. 3: stone tools
1. 5: large hand axes, shelters
500: better tools, social cooperation
30: “modern human” paintings, jewelry, rituals

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26
Q

Ardipithecus

A

long arms, canine teeth

Oldest known hominan species

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27
Q

australopithecus

A

brain bigger, arms shorter

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28
Q

homo habilus

A

larger brain

“hominan” most like man

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29
Q

homo erectus

A

first species to leave Africa

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30
Q

homo neanderthalensis and homo sapiens

A

stronger, bigger brains

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31
Q

larger cerebral cortex

A

processes senses info, memory, emotions

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32
Q

large area of human brain controls

A

mouth/tongue

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33
Q

FOXP2 gene

A

language gene

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34
Q

neurotransmitters

A

produced by genes
can affect mood, anxiety, OCD
Norepinephrine (adrenaline), dopamine, seratonine

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35
Q

human parasites

A

protists
fungi
worms
arthropods (ticks)

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36
Q

parasites can impact human

A

fitness

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37
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

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38
Q

Escherichia coli

A

E. Coli bacteria

usually harmless to humans (vitamin K)

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39
Q

Tuberculosis bacteria

A

1/3 humans infected
scars and damages tube in body
resistance to antibiotics

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40
Q

Cholera bacteria

A

contaminated drinking water, rapid diarrhea

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41
Q

plasmodium

A

malaria protist, increased nitric oxide in blood reduces parasite

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42
Q

Karyotype

A

an individuals chromosomes

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43
Q

meiosis

A

2N => 1N

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44
Q

fertilization

A

1N + 1N = 2N

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45
Q

mitosis

A

2N => 2N

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46
Q

genetic disorder

A

a predictable set of consequences caused by mutations

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47
Q

extra chromosome in 21

A

down syndrome

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48
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

excess mucus, increased infections.

49
Q

CFTR

A

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane-conducting Regulator.

change in protein that conducts chloride ions

50
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

damage to brain, loss of muscle control and dementia.

Mutated Huntington gene: CAG codon repeat

51
Q

hemophilia A

A

excess bruising, slow clotting

sex-linked gene

52
Q

stem cells

A

have the potential to become many different types of cells

53
Q

embryonic stem cells can become

A

any type of body cell

54
Q

genetic screening

A

learning about an organisms genetic makeup

55
Q

newborn and adult screening

A

blood test can identify certain alleles and proteins present

56
Q

gene therapy

A

“fixing” alleles with microinjection

57
Q

severe combined immunodeficiency

A

bubble boy disease

virus used to infect stem cells with functioning allele

58
Q

eugenetics

A

use genetics and evolution to “improve” the human population

59
Q

sterilization 1927

A

criminals, epileptics, mentally retarded people infertile

60
Q

scientific flaws with eugenetics

A

improper analysis of data

nurture, not just nature

61
Q

genetic engineering

A

altering DNA using technology

62
Q

DNA can be cut into fragments with

A

restriction enzymes

63
Q

plasmid

A

circular DNA that can multiply in bacteria

64
Q

recombined DNA

A

plasmid cut, piece of restriction enzyme put into cut part

65
Q

polymerase

A

polymerase chain reaction is making copies of DNA

66
Q

GMO

A

genetically modified organism

67
Q

transgenic

A

organisms contain DNA from a different species

68
Q

Bt corn

A

protein from bacillus thuringiensis repels European Corn Borer(insect)

69
Q

“Golden” rice

A

produce beta-carotene in seed (vitamin A)

70
Q

chimeras

A

phenotypes of two or more organisms

71
Q

reproductive cloning

A

genetically same as another person

ex. elvis presley

72
Q

Dolly 1997

A

first successful clone of adult mammal

egg donor, DNA donor, surrogate mother

73
Q

cancer

A

mutations lead to uncontrolled cell growth

74
Q

Henrietta Lack

A

1920-1951

HeLa cells: Immortal

75
Q

Increase mitosis

A

cell division

76
Q

decrease apoptosis

A

cell death

77
Q

proto-oncogene

A

pre cancer gene

78
Q

oncogene

A

cancer gene

79
Q

tumor suppressor gene

A

mutates to tumor growth

80
Q

colorectal cancer

A

can be due to up to 8 mutations in a single cell

81
Q

free radical mutagens damage what?

A

DNA

82
Q

telomeres

A

ends of chromosomes

83
Q

enhancement gene therapy example

A

cure baldness

84
Q

reviving relic DNA

A

bringing back extinct animal with surrogate

85
Q

approx how frequently do hare-lynx populations cycle

A

11 years

86
Q

chance altering allele frequencies

A

genetic drift

87
Q

praire dogs have 2 entrances in underground homes because

A

airway/circulation

escape route

88
Q

fitness

A

organisms ability to produce offspring

89
Q

kinesis and taxis movement

A

kinesis is a random movement that is not headed toward or away from a stimulus.
taxis is a directed movement toward or away from a stimulus.

90
Q

autosomal

A

indicates that the gene for this trait is located on one of the 22 pairs of chromosomes that is not the sex pair.

91
Q

mother or father determine sex of child

A

father

92
Q

Non-Mendelian

A

traits are following patterns of inheritance that go beyond the patterns explained by mendel of a trait determined by one gene with a dominant and recessive version.

93
Q

viruses do not reproduce on their own. how do they?

A

take over an organisms cell

94
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

a DNA polymerase enzyme that can transcribe single-stranded RNA into single-stranded DNA

95
Q

3 main shapes of bacteria

A

coccus (round)
rod
spiral

96
Q

animals that carry other disease organisms are called

A

vectors

97
Q

Name all Hominan from 3 mya to current

A 
australopithecus africanus
paranthropus robustus
homo habilis
homo erectus 
homo neanderthalensis
homo sapiens
98
Q

1974 discovery of “Lucy” fossil for australopithecus afarensis

A

bipedal walking

99
Q

another word for red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

100
Q

sickle cell anemia

dominant or recessive?

A

recessive

101
Q

sickle cell anemia changes red blood cells from a circle shape to what?

A

sickle shape

“half moon”

102
Q

what do restriction enzymes do?

A

cut DNA molecules at particular sequences of base pairs

103
Q

plant tumor, also called gall forms..

A

around the bacteria and produces types of amino acids that bacteria consume

104
Q

genetically engineered chimeras examples

A

“geep” 1984 goat-sheep

“quail-chick” 1987

105
Q

blastocyst

A

human embryonic stem cells are derived from a microscope ball of cells

106
Q

pluripotent

A

have the ability to give rise to multiple cell types found in human body

107
Q

DNA fingerprinting relies on a technique called

A

linkage analysis

108
Q

Kleinfelter’s Syndrome

A

2 X Chromosomes

1 Y Chromosome

109
Q

Turner’s Syndrome

A

1 X Chromosome

0 Y Chromosomes

110
Q

Glycolysis

A

series of chemical reactions that results in glucose being broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid

111
Q

Bowerbird scientific name

A

Ptilonorhynchus violaceus

111
Q

Pseudogenes

A

inactive genes that appear to have been active in ancestral species

112
Q

How do male bowerbirds attract females?

A

Dance and sing using bower as a stage

113
Q

What did Jane Goodall discover?

A

That chimps and other animals have emotions and can communicate with each other

114
Q

Where were the hobbit human ancestors found and when?

A

Flores Asia

18,000 years ago

115
Q

Theory

A

Body of knowledge that attempts to explain a phenomenon

116
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of same gene

117
Q

Transcription

A

making mRNA copy portion of DNA

118
Q

Gene

A

Regions of DNA that code for a protein

Bacc Core OSU (11 decks)

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