ANTH 330 FINAL Flashcards
Levalloisian tool tradtiion
Tool-making technique by which three or four long triangular flakes were detached from a specially prepared core; developed by members of the genus Homo transitional from H. erectus to H. sapiens. 200-50kya
Mousterian Tool Tradition
125-40kya. Europe, south western asia, northern africa. smaller sized tools. more flakes/tools per core. increase tool variety.
Lower Paleolithic
2.6mya-300kya. oldowan/acheulean tool tradition. appearance of genus homo.
Middle Paleolithic
300kya-30kya. mousterian tool tradition. anatomical modernity (200kya)
Upper Paleolithic
50kya-10kya. aurignacian tool tradition(blade). behavioral modernity (45kya).
Modernity
anatomical and behavioral
Projectile hunting method
Atlatl (dart). bow and arrow + sling
an object is thrown
Domestication
The evolutionary process whereby humans modify the genetic make up of a population of wild plants or animals
Environmental Determinism
Oasis Theory: V. Gorden Childe (1930s)
Hilly Flanks Hypothesis: Robert Braidwood (1940s)
Packing Model: Lewis Binford (1960s)
Evolution/Unintentional: David Rindos (1980s)
(triangle-plant or animal, humans, enviro)
Human Agency
Control over enviro: Ian Hodder (1990s)
Feasting Hypothesis: Bryan Hayden (2000s)
Diffusion
models of change
- hunter gatherer groups(agriculture)
- continuity of culture(artifacts/language)
Sedentism
time/energy investment in food production.
protection of food supplies.
a lifestyle associated with residence in permanent villages, towns, and cities, generally linked with farming
Jericho, Israel
Stone tower (walls) “wall of jericho)
first stone agriculture
defensive architecture
100 people in 104 days
Copper Age
5000-3600 BC Origins of Metallurgy Cast-based or cold hammer technology SE Europe, SE Asia, E Asia, N Africa 1st cities, architectural agriculture, social and econ stratification, smelting
Bronze Age
3600-1200 BC
Bronze = Copper(Cu) + Tin (Sn) Alloy
cast-based or cold hammer technology
Minoan/Myceneaen, Egyptian, Sumerian, Harappa, Majiayo
Writing, Law Code, Sword, Chariot, Monumental Arch
Iron Age
1200-500 BC First used of iron (Fe) forge-based or hot hammer technology Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, Roman Alphabet, democratic gov, Monotheism
Hydraulic Theory
(irrigation theory)
large irrigation works required centralized control
gov, social elite, and civilization
Action Theory
- dissatisfied with “environmental determinism” of ecological theories
- stress the role of the individual age (agency)
- emphasize the self-serving, actions of forceful leaders on the development of civilizations
- requires the use of religion and ideology to legitimize ability to control individuals
Social Stratification
determines who gets sicks and who gets treatment
social status
Acclimatization
Becoming used to something; getting comfortable
Agriculture
the caring for or cultivation of plants
Allen’s Rule
The principle that an animal’s limb lengths are heat-related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments.
Anatomically Modern
Refers to fossils found that are the same as we are today; they have similar physical characteristics as we are today eg; round shaped skull and noticeable chin
Ancestral
Referring to characters inherited by a group of organisms from a remote ancestor and thus not diagnostic of groups (lineages) that diverged after the character first appeared; also called primitive.
Bergmann’s Rule
Stipulates that body size is larger in colder climates to conserve body temperature
Blade Technology
Chipped stone toolmaking approach in which blades struck from prepared cores are the main raw material from which tools are made. A blade is a chipped stone flake that is at least twice as long as it is wide.
Caries (Cavities)
caused by demineralization of enamel by bacteria (streptococcus mutans)
Civilization
A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes.
Craft Specialization
economic system that allows individuals to devote full time to certain occupations; fostered many technological advances of the Neolithic
Derived
Demand for a resource like labor is derived from the demand for the goods produced by the resource
Developmental Adaption
results when the environment shapes the human body over time
Division of labor
Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers
Economic Stratification
the condition within a society where social classes are separated along economic lines
Egalitarian Society
a society in which all persons of a given age-sex category have equal access to economic resources, power, and prestige.
Evolutionary Medicine
the application of principles of evolutionary theory to the practice and research of medicine
Feasting Hypothesis
Barbara Bender and Brian Hayden’s theory. Says that domestication led to social competition between groups. Based on ethnographic accounts of throwing a feast for another group, which then throws a bigger feast to show that it’s better… Eventually, the groups have to develop agriculture to produce enough food for the feasts.
Genetic Adaption
Changes in the genetic makeup of organisms of a species that allow the species to reproduce and gain a competitive advantage under changed environmental conditions.
Genocide
Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group
Grave Goods
Items such as utensils, figurines, and personal possessions, symbolically placed in the grave for the deceased person’s use in the afterlife.
Ground Stone
technique used for manufacturing artifacts by pecking the surface and edges with a stone and then grinding them smooth to form sharp working edges; often used to make axes and adzes employed for felling trees and woodworking
Hafting
The process of attaching a handle to a stone; the first binding probably used grass or leaves.
Health Disparity
Differences in health outcomes among groups.
Hierarchy
A group organized by rank
Horticulture
Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.
Thrifty Genotype
Human genotype that permits efficient storage of fat to draw on in times of food shortage and conservation of glucose and nitrogen.
Lactase/Lactose
An enzyme present in the lining of the small intestine that acts as a catalyst to breakdown thi
Mega Fauna
Large animals that once roamed the world but are now extinct
Melanin
A pigment that gives the skin its color
Mesolithic
Belonging to the period of human culture from about 15,000 years ago to about 7000 BCE characterized by complex stone tools and greater social organization - “middle stone age”
Metallurgy
The science and technology of metals
Microlith
A small blade of flint or similar stone, several of which were hafted together in wooden handles to make tools; widespread in the Mesolithic.
Natufian Culture
a Mesolithic culture living in the lands that are now Israel, Lebanon, and western Syria, between about 10,200 and 12,500 years ago
Neolithic
(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.
Neolithic Revolution
8000 BCE to 3000 BCE; move from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles and town and city life; small communities; specialization of labor
Nuclear Zone Hypothesis
Robert Braidwood. animals first arose in the Fertile Crescent (Turkey, Iraq, Iran)
Oasis Theory
A theory proposed by V. Gordon Childe that agriculture was the result of humans, plants, and animals occupying small areas of fertile land
Ochre
a moderate yellow-orange to orange color
Packing Model
Binford, with scare resources people are forced to make use of what they have
Pastoralism
A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.
Percussion Flaking
A toolmaking technique in which one stone is struck with another to remove a flake.
Physiological Adaption
Changes to an organisms metabolic or internal processes (Example - Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics)
Pressure Flaking
a technique of stone tool manufacture in which a bone, antler, or wooden tool is used to press, rather than strike off, small flakes from a piece of flint or similar stone
Race/Racism
the belief, without scientific basis, that some races are inferior to others
Sexual Dimorphism
Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species. For example, humans are slightly dimorphic for body size, with males being taller, on average, than females of the same population.
Social Differentiation
A process in which people are set apart for differential treatment by virtue of their statuses, roles, and other social characteristics
Society
A community of people who share a common culture
Stratified Society
People grouped according to economic or social class; characterized by the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige.
Subspecies
populations of the same species that differ genetically because of adaptations to different living conditions
Urbanism
The distinctive way of life shared by the people living in a city
Anatomically modern humans (AMH)
200 ka , -derived traits: small face, chin, high rounded skull, no brow ridge, more gracile postcranial skeleton (lightly built limbs and hands with thinner cortical bone , Homo sapiens sapiens
Archaic Homo Sapiens
Earliest member of our species, including neandertals, Europe and Asia, Originated in Africa and lived there for ~100,000 years Archaic Homo sapiens are Middle Pleistocene hominins that morphologically and behaviorally fall somewhere in between H. erectus and modern H. sapiens.
Homo Erectus
“first upright man” - more intelligent and adaptable than homo habilis, skillful hunters, invented more sophsticated tools for digging, scapring, and cutting. first hominids to migrate, first to use fire, first to provide warmth, cook, and frighten away attacking animals. developed the beginning of spoken language, named objects, places, animlas, and plant and exchanged ideas
Homo antecessor
An extinct human species (or subspecies) dating from 1.2 million to 800,000 years ago found in 2 caves (sima del elephante for the older & gran dolina for the younger) in atapuerca, spain; these are the oldest hominin found in western Europe.
Homo Heidelbergensis
sometimes called Homo rhodesiensis — is an extinct species of the genus Homo which lived in Africa, Europe and western Asia from at least 600,000 years ago, and may date back 1,300,000 years. It survived until about 200,000 to 250,000 years ago. Its brain was nearly as large as that of a modern Homo sapiens. It is very likely the direct ancestor of Homo sapiens (in Africa) and the Neanderthals (in Europe), and perhaps also the Denisovans (in Central Asia). First discovered near Heidelberg in Germany in 1907, it was described and named by Otto Schoetensack
Homo Sapiens
Homo sapiens (Latin: “wise man”) is the binomial nomenclature (also known as the scientific name) for the human species. Homo is the human genus, which also includes Neanderthals and many other extinct species of hominid; H. sapiens is the only surviving species of the genus Homo. Modern humans are the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens, which differentiates them from what has been argued to be their direct ancestor, Homo sapiens
Homo Sapiens Sapiens
Anatomically modern humans evolved from archaic Homo sapiens in the Middle Paleolithic, about 200,000 years ago.[3] The emergence of anatomically modern human marks the dawn of the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens,[4] i.e. the subspecies of Homo sapiens that includes all modern humans.
Homo Neanderthalensis/homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Neanderthals are generally classified by palaeontologists as the species Homo neanderthalensis, but a minority consider them to be a subspecies of Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis).[8] The first humans with proto-Neanderthal traits are believed to have existed in Eurasia as early as 600,000-350,000 years ago.[9]
