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Bacc Core OSU > ANTH 330 FINAL > Flashcards

ANTH 330 FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Levalloisian tool tradtiion

A

Tool-making technique by which three or four long triangular flakes were detached from a specially prepared core; developed by members of the genus Homo transitional from H. erectus to H. sapiens. 200-50kya

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2
Q

Mousterian Tool Tradition

A

125-40kya. Europe, south western asia, northern africa. smaller sized tools. more flakes/tools per core. increase tool variety.

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3
Q

Lower Paleolithic

A

2.6mya-300kya. oldowan/acheulean tool tradition. appearance of genus homo.

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4
Q

Middle Paleolithic

A

300kya-30kya. mousterian tool tradition. anatomical modernity (200kya)

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5
Q

Upper Paleolithic

A

50kya-10kya. aurignacian tool tradition(blade). behavioral modernity (45kya).

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6
Q

Modernity

A

anatomical and behavioral

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7
Q

Projectile hunting method

A

Atlatl (dart). bow and arrow + sling

an object is thrown

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8
Q

Domestication

A

The evolutionary process whereby humans modify the genetic make up of a population of wild plants or animals

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9
Q

Environmental Determinism

A

Oasis Theory: V. Gorden Childe (1930s)
Hilly Flanks Hypothesis: Robert Braidwood (1940s)
Packing Model: Lewis Binford (1960s)
Evolution/Unintentional: David Rindos (1980s)
(triangle-plant or animal, humans, enviro)

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10
Q

Human Agency

A

Control over enviro: Ian Hodder (1990s)

Feasting Hypothesis: Bryan Hayden (2000s)

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

models of change

  • hunter gatherer groups(agriculture)
  • continuity of culture(artifacts/language)
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12
Q

Sedentism

A

time/energy investment in food production.
protection of food supplies.
a lifestyle associated with residence in permanent villages, towns, and cities, generally linked with farming

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13
Q

Jericho, Israel

A

Stone tower (walls) “wall of jericho)
first stone agriculture
defensive architecture
100 people in 104 days

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14
Q

Copper Age

A 
5000-3600 BC
Origins of Metallurgy 
Cast-based or cold hammer technology
SE Europe, SE Asia, E Asia, N Africa
1st cities, architectural agriculture, social and econ stratification, smelting
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15
Q

Bronze Age

A

3600-1200 BC
Bronze = Copper(Cu) + Tin (Sn) Alloy
cast-based or cold hammer technology
Minoan/Myceneaen, Egyptian, Sumerian, Harappa, Majiayo
Writing, Law Code, Sword, Chariot, Monumental Arch

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16
Q

Iron Age

A 
1200-500 BC 
First used of iron (Fe)
forge-based or hot hammer technology
Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, Roman
Alphabet, democratic gov, Monotheism
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17
Q

Hydraulic Theory

A

(irrigation theory)
large irrigation works required centralized control
gov, social elite, and civilization

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18
Q

Action Theory

A
  • dissatisfied with “environmental determinism” of ecological theories
  • stress the role of the individual age (agency)
  • emphasize the self-serving, actions of forceful leaders on the development of civilizations
  • requires the use of religion and ideology to legitimize ability to control individuals
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19
Q

Social Stratification

A

determines who gets sicks and who gets treatment

social status

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20
Q

Acclimatization

A

Becoming used to something; getting comfortable

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21
Q

Agriculture

A

the caring for or cultivation of plants

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22
Q

Allen’s Rule

A

The principle that an animal’s limb lengths are heat-related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments.

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23
Q

Anatomically Modern

A

Refers to fossils found that are the same as we are today; they have similar physical characteristics as we are today eg; round shaped skull and noticeable chin

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24
Q

Ancestral

A

Referring to characters inherited by a group of organisms from a remote ancestor and thus not diagnostic of groups (lineages) that diverged after the character first appeared; also called primitive.

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25
Q

Bergmann’s Rule

A

Stipulates that body size is larger in colder climates to conserve body temperature

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26
Q

Blade Technology

A

Chipped stone toolmaking approach in which blades struck from prepared cores are the main raw material from which tools are made. A blade is a chipped stone flake that is at least twice as long as it is wide.

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27
Q

Caries (Cavities)

A

caused by demineralization of enamel by bacteria (streptococcus mutans)

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28
Q

Civilization

A

A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes.

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29
Q

Craft Specialization

A

economic system that allows individuals to devote full time to certain occupations; fostered many technological advances of the Neolithic

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30
Q

Derived

A

Demand for a resource like labor is derived from the demand for the goods produced by the resource

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31
Q

Developmental Adaption

A

results when the environment shapes the human body over time

32
Q

Division of labor

A

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

33
Q

Economic Stratification

A

the condition within a society where social classes are separated along economic lines

34
Q

Egalitarian Society

A

a society in which all persons of a given age-sex category have equal access to economic resources, power, and prestige.

35
Q

Evolutionary Medicine

A

the application of principles of evolutionary theory to the practice and research of medicine

36
Q

Feasting Hypothesis

A

Barbara Bender and Brian Hayden’s theory. Says that domestication led to social competition between groups. Based on ethnographic accounts of throwing a feast for another group, which then throws a bigger feast to show that it’s better… Eventually, the groups have to develop agriculture to produce enough food for the feasts.

37
Q

Genetic Adaption

A

Changes in the genetic makeup of organisms of a species that allow the species to reproduce and gain a competitive advantage under changed environmental conditions.

38
Q

Genocide

A

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

39
Q

Grave Goods

A

Items such as utensils, figurines, and personal possessions, symbolically placed in the grave for the deceased person’s use in the afterlife.

40
Q

Ground Stone

A

technique used for manufacturing artifacts by pecking the surface and edges with a stone and then grinding them smooth to form sharp working edges; often used to make axes and adzes employed for felling trees and woodworking

41
Q

Hafting

A

The process of attaching a handle to a stone; the first binding probably used grass or leaves.

42
Q

Health Disparity

A

Differences in health outcomes among groups.

43
Q

Hierarchy

A

A group organized by rank

44
Q

Horticulture

A

Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.

45
Q

Thrifty Genotype

A

Human genotype that permits efficient storage of fat to draw on in times of food shortage and conservation of glucose and nitrogen.

46
Q

Lactase/Lactose

A

An enzyme present in the lining of the small intestine that acts as a catalyst to breakdown thi

47
Q

Mega Fauna

A

Large animals that once roamed the world but are now extinct

48
Q

Melanin

A

A pigment that gives the skin its color

49
Q

Mesolithic

A

Belonging to the period of human culture from about 15,000 years ago to about 7000 BCE characterized by complex stone tools and greater social organization - “middle stone age”

50
Q

Metallurgy

A

The science and technology of metals

51
Q

Microlith

A

A small blade of flint or similar stone, several of which were hafted together in wooden handles to make tools; widespread in the Mesolithic.

52
Q

Natufian Culture

A

a Mesolithic culture living in the lands that are now Israel, Lebanon, and western Syria, between about 10,200 and 12,500 years ago

53
Q

Neolithic

A

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.

54
Q

Neolithic Revolution

A

8000 BCE to 3000 BCE; move from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles and town and city life; small communities; specialization of labor

55
Q

Nuclear Zone Hypothesis

A

Robert Braidwood. animals first arose in the Fertile Crescent (Turkey, Iraq, Iran)

56
Q

Oasis Theory

A

A theory proposed by V. Gordon Childe that agriculture was the result of humans, plants, and animals occupying small areas of fertile land

57
Q

Ochre

A

a moderate yellow-orange to orange color

58
Q

Packing Model

A

Binford, with scare resources people are forced to make use of what they have

59
Q

Pastoralism

A

A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.

60
Q

Percussion Flaking

A

A toolmaking technique in which one stone is struck with another to remove a flake.

61
Q

Physiological Adaption

A

Changes to an organisms metabolic or internal processes (Example - Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics)

62
Q

Pressure Flaking

A

a technique of stone tool manufacture in which a bone, antler, or wooden tool is used to press, rather than strike off, small flakes from a piece of flint or similar stone

63
Q

Race/Racism

A

the belief, without scientific basis, that some races are inferior to others

64
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species. For example, humans are slightly dimorphic for body size, with males being taller, on average, than females of the same population.

65
Q

Social Differentiation

A

A process in which people are set apart for differential treatment by virtue of their statuses, roles, and other social characteristics

66
Q

Society

A

A community of people who share a common culture

67
Q

Stratified Society

A

People grouped according to economic or social class; characterized by the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige.

68
Q

Subspecies

A

populations of the same species that differ genetically because of adaptations to different living conditions

69
Q

Urbanism

A

The distinctive way of life shared by the people living in a city

70
Q

Anatomically modern humans (AMH)

A

200 ka , -derived traits: small face, chin, high rounded skull, no brow ridge, more gracile postcranial skeleton (lightly built limbs and hands with thinner cortical bone , Homo sapiens sapiens

71
Q

Archaic Homo Sapiens

A

Earliest member of our species, including neandertals, Europe and Asia, Originated in Africa and lived there for ~100,000 years Archaic Homo sapiens are Middle Pleistocene hominins that morphologically and behaviorally fall somewhere in between H. erectus and modern H. sapiens.

72
Q

Homo Erectus

A

“first upright man” - more intelligent and adaptable than homo habilis, skillful hunters, invented more sophsticated tools for digging, scapring, and cutting. first hominids to migrate, first to use fire, first to provide warmth, cook, and frighten away attacking animals. developed the beginning of spoken language, named objects, places, animlas, and plant and exchanged ideas

73
Q

Homo antecessor

A

An extinct human species (or subspecies) dating from 1.2 million to 800,000 years ago found in 2 caves (sima del elephante for the older & gran dolina for the younger) in atapuerca, spain; these are the oldest hominin found in western Europe.

74
Q

Homo Heidelbergensis

A

sometimes called Homo rhodesiensis — is an extinct species of the genus Homo which lived in Africa, Europe and western Asia from at least 600,000 years ago, and may date back 1,300,000 years. It survived until about 200,000 to 250,000 years ago. Its brain was nearly as large as that of a modern Homo sapiens. It is very likely the direct ancestor of Homo sapiens (in Africa) and the Neanderthals (in Europe), and perhaps also the Denisovans (in Central Asia). First discovered near Heidelberg in Germany in 1907, it was described and named by Otto Schoetensack

75
Q

Homo Sapiens

A

Homo sapiens (Latin: “wise man”) is the binomial nomenclature (also known as the scientific name) for the human species. Homo is the human genus, which also includes Neanderthals and many other extinct species of hominid; H. sapiens is the only surviving species of the genus Homo. Modern humans are the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens, which differentiates them from what has been argued to be their direct ancestor, Homo sapiens

76
Q

Homo Sapiens Sapiens

A

Anatomically modern humans evolved from archaic Homo sapiens in the Middle Paleolithic, about 200,000 years ago.[3] The emergence of anatomically modern human marks the dawn of the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens,[4] i.e. the subspecies of Homo sapiens that includes all modern humans.

77
Q

Homo Neanderthalensis/homo sapiens neanderthalensis

A

Neanderthals are generally classified by palaeontologists as the species Homo neanderthalensis, but a minority consider them to be a subspecies of Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis).[8] The first humans with proto-Neanderthal traits are believed to have existed in Eurasia as early as 600,000-350,000 years ago.[9]

Bacc Core OSU (11 decks)

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