ANTH 330 FINAL

Question 1

Levalloisian tool tradtiion

Answer 1

Tool-making technique by which three or four long triangular flakes were detached from a specially prepared core; developed by members of the genus Homo transitional from H. erectus to H. sapiens. 200-50kya

Question 2

Mousterian Tool Tradition

Answer 2

125-40kya. Europe, south western asia, northern africa. smaller sized tools. more flakes/tools per core. increase tool variety.

Question 3

Lower Paleolithic

Answer 3

2.6mya-300kya. oldowan/acheulean tool tradition. appearance of genus homo.

Question 4

Middle Paleolithic

Answer 4

300kya-30kya. mousterian tool tradition. anatomical modernity (200kya)

Question 5

Upper Paleolithic

Answer 5

50kya-10kya. aurignacian tool tradition(blade). behavioral modernity (45kya).

Question 6

Modernity

Answer 6

anatomical and behavioral

Question 7

Projectile hunting method

Answer 7

Atlatl (dart). bow and arrow + sling

an object is thrown

Question 8

Domestication

Answer 8

The evolutionary process whereby humans modify the genetic make up of a population of wild plants or animals

Question 9

Environmental Determinism

Answer 9

Oasis Theory: V. Gorden Childe (1930s)
Hilly Flanks Hypothesis: Robert Braidwood (1940s)
Packing Model: Lewis Binford (1960s)
Evolution/Unintentional: David Rindos (1980s)
(triangle-plant or animal, humans, enviro)

Question 10

Human Agency

Answer 10

Control over enviro: Ian Hodder (1990s)

Feasting Hypothesis: Bryan Hayden (2000s)

Question 11

Diffusion

Answer 11

models of change

• hunter gatherer groups(agriculture)
• continuity of culture(artifacts/language)

Question 12

Sedentism

Answer 12

time/energy investment in food production.
protection of food supplies.
a lifestyle associated with residence in permanent villages, towns, and cities, generally linked with farming

Question 13

Jericho, Israel

Answer 13

Stone tower (walls) “wall of jericho)
first stone agriculture
defensive architecture
100 people in 104 days

Question 14

Copper Age

Answer 14

5000-3600 BC
Origins of Metallurgy 
Cast-based or cold hammer technology
SE Europe, SE Asia, E Asia, N Africa
1st cities, architectural agriculture, social and econ stratification, smelting

Question 15

Bronze Age

Answer 15

3600-1200 BC
Bronze = Copper(Cu) + Tin (Sn) Alloy
cast-based or cold hammer technology
Minoan/Myceneaen, Egyptian, Sumerian, Harappa, Majiayo
Writing, Law Code, Sword, Chariot, Monumental Arch

Question 16

Iron Age

Answer 16

1200-500 BC 
First used of iron (Fe)
forge-based or hot hammer technology
Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, Roman
Alphabet, democratic gov, Monotheism

Question 17

Hydraulic Theory

Answer 17

(irrigation theory)
large irrigation works required centralized control
gov, social elite, and civilization

Question 18

Action Theory

Answer 18

• dissatisfied with “environmental determinism” of ecological theories
• stress the role of the individual age (agency)
• emphasize the self-serving, actions of forceful leaders on the development of civilizations
• requires the use of religion and ideology to legitimize ability to control individuals

Question 19

Social Stratification

Answer 19

determines who gets sicks and who gets treatment

social status

Question 20

Acclimatization

Answer 20

Becoming used to something; getting comfortable

Question 21

Agriculture

Answer 21

the caring for or cultivation of plants

Question 22

Allen’s Rule

Answer 22

The principle that an animal’s limb lengths are heat-related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments.

Question 23

Anatomically Modern

Answer 23

Refers to fossils found that are the same as we are today; they have similar physical characteristics as we are today eg; round shaped skull and noticeable chin

Question 24

Ancestral

Answer 24

Referring to characters inherited by a group of organisms from a remote ancestor and thus not diagnostic of groups (lineages) that diverged after the character first appeared; also called primitive.

Question 25

Bergmann's Rule

Answer 25

Stipulates that body size is larger in colder climates to conserve body temperature

Question 26

Blade Technology

Answer 26

Chipped stone toolmaking approach in which blades struck from prepared cores are the main raw material from which tools are made. A blade is a chipped stone flake that is at least twice as long as it is wide.

Question 27

Caries (Cavities)

Answer 27

caused by demineralization of enamel by bacteria (streptococcus mutans)

Question 28

Civilization

Answer 28

A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes.

Question 29

Craft Specialization

Answer 29

economic system that allows individuals to devote full time to certain occupations; fostered many technological advances of the Neolithic

Question 30

Derived

Answer 30

Demand for a resource like labor is derived from the demand for the goods produced by the resource

Question 31

Developmental Adaption

Answer 31

results when the environment shapes the human body over time

Question 32

Division of labor

Answer 32

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

Question 33

Economic Stratification

Answer 33

the condition within a society where social classes are separated along economic lines

Question 34

Egalitarian Society

Answer 34

a society in which all persons of a given age-sex category have equal access to economic resources, power, and prestige.

Question 35

Evolutionary Medicine

Answer 35

the application of principles of evolutionary theory to the practice and research of medicine

Question 36

Feasting Hypothesis

Answer 36

Barbara Bender and Brian Hayden's theory. Says that domestication led to social competition between groups. Based on ethnographic accounts of throwing a feast for another group, which then throws a bigger feast to show that it's better... Eventually, the groups have to develop agriculture to produce enough food for the feasts.

Question 37

Genetic Adaption

Answer 37

Changes in the genetic makeup of organisms of a species that allow the species to reproduce and gain a competitive advantage under changed environmental conditions.

Question 38

Genocide

Answer 38

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

Question 39

Grave Goods

Answer 39

Items such as utensils, figurines, and personal possessions, symbolically placed in the grave for the deceased person's use in the afterlife.

Question 40

Ground Stone

Answer 40

technique used for manufacturing artifacts by pecking the surface and edges with a stone and then grinding them smooth to form sharp working edges; often used to make axes and adzes employed for felling trees and woodworking

Question 41

Hafting

Answer 41

The process of attaching a handle to a stone; the first binding probably used grass or leaves.

Question 42

Health Disparity

Answer 42

Differences in health outcomes among groups.

Question 43

Hierarchy

Answer 43

A group organized by rank

Question 44

Horticulture

Answer 44

Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.

Question 45

Thrifty Genotype

Answer 45

Human genotype that permits efficient storage of fat to draw on in times of food shortage and conservation of glucose and nitrogen.

Question 46

Lactase/Lactose

Answer 46

An enzyme present in the lining of the small intestine that acts as a catalyst to breakdown thi

Question 47

Mega Fauna

Answer 47

Large animals that once roamed the world but are now extinct

Question 48

Melanin

Answer 48

A pigment that gives the skin its color

Question 49

Mesolithic

Answer 49

Belonging to the period of human culture from about 15,000 years ago to about 7000 BCE characterized by complex stone tools and greater social organization - "middle stone age"

Question 50

Metallurgy

Answer 50

The science and technology of metals

Question 51

Microlith

Answer 51

A small blade of flint or similar stone, several of which were hafted together in wooden handles to make tools; widespread in the Mesolithic.

Question 52

Natufian Culture

Answer 52

a Mesolithic culture living in the lands that are now Israel, Lebanon, and western Syria, between about 10,200 and 12,500 years ago

Question 53

Neolithic

Answer 53

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.

Question 54

Neolithic Revolution

Answer 54

8000 BCE to 3000 BCE; move from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles and town and city life; small communities; specialization of labor

Question 55

Nuclear Zone Hypothesis

Answer 55

Robert Braidwood. animals first arose in the Fertile Crescent (Turkey, Iraq, Iran)

Question 56

Oasis Theory

Answer 56

A theory proposed by V. Gordon Childe that agriculture was the result of humans, plants, and animals occupying small areas of fertile land

Question 57

Ochre

Answer 57

a moderate yellow-orange to orange color

Question 58

Packing Model

Answer 58

Binford, with scare resources people are forced to make use of what they have

Question 59

Pastoralism

Answer 59

A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.

Question 60

Percussion Flaking

Answer 60

A toolmaking technique in which one stone is struck with another to remove a flake.

Question 61

Physiological Adaption

Answer 61

Changes to an organisms metabolic or internal processes (Example - Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics)

Question 62

Pressure Flaking

Answer 62

a technique of stone tool manufacture in which a bone, antler, or wooden tool is used to press, rather than strike off, small flakes from a piece of flint or similar stone

Question 63

Race/Racism

Answer 63

the belief, without scientific basis, that some races are inferior to others

Question 64

Sexual Dimorphism

Answer 64

Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species. For example, humans are slightly dimorphic for body size, with males being taller, on average, than females of the same population.

Question 65

Social Differentiation

Answer 65

A process in which people are set apart for differential treatment by virtue of their statuses, roles, and other social characteristics

Question 66

Society

Answer 66

A community of people who share a common culture

Question 67

Stratified Society

Answer 67

People grouped according to economic or social class; characterized by the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige.

Question 68

Subspecies

Answer 68

populations of the same species that differ genetically because of adaptations to different living conditions

Question 69

Urbanism

Answer 69

The distinctive way of life shared by the people living in a city

Question 70

Anatomically modern humans (AMH)

Answer 70

200 ka , -derived traits: small face, chin, high rounded skull, no brow ridge, more gracile postcranial skeleton (lightly built limbs and hands with thinner cortical bone , Homo sapiens sapiens

Question 71

Archaic Homo Sapiens

Answer 71

Earliest member of our species, including neandertals, Europe and Asia, Originated in Africa and lived there for ~100,000 years Archaic Homo sapiens are Middle Pleistocene hominins that morphologically and behaviorally fall somewhere in between H. erectus and modern H. sapiens.

Question 72

Homo Erectus

Answer 72

"first upright man" - more intelligent and adaptable than homo habilis, skillful hunters, invented more sophsticated tools for digging, scapring, and cutting. first hominids to migrate, first to use fire, first to provide warmth, cook, and frighten away attacking animals. developed the beginning of spoken language, named objects, places, animlas, and plant and exchanged ideas

Question 73

Homo antecessor

Answer 73

An extinct human species (or subspecies) dating from 1.2 million to 800,000 years ago found in 2 caves (sima del elephante for the older & gran dolina for the younger) in atapuerca, spain; these are the oldest hominin found in western Europe.

Question 74

Homo Heidelbergensis

Answer 74

sometimes called Homo rhodesiensis — is an extinct species of the genus Homo which lived in Africa, Europe and western Asia from at least 600,000 years ago, and may date back 1,300,000 years. It survived until about 200,000 to 250,000 years ago. Its brain was nearly as large as that of a modern Homo sapiens. It is very likely the direct ancestor of Homo sapiens (in Africa) and the Neanderthals (in Europe), and perhaps also the Denisovans (in Central Asia). First discovered near Heidelberg in Germany in 1907, it was described and named by Otto Schoetensack

Question 75

Homo Sapiens

Answer 75

Homo sapiens (Latin: "wise man") is the binomial nomenclature (also known as the scientific name) for the human species. Homo is the human genus, which also includes Neanderthals and many other extinct species of hominid; H. sapiens is the only surviving species of the genus Homo. Modern humans are the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens, which differentiates them from what has been argued to be their direct ancestor, Homo sapiens

Question 76

Homo Sapiens Sapiens

Answer 76

Anatomically modern humans evolved from archaic Homo sapiens in the Middle Paleolithic, about 200,000 years ago.[3] The emergence of anatomically modern human marks the dawn of the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens,[4] i.e. the subspecies of Homo sapiens that includes all modern humans.

Question 77

Homo Neanderthalensis/homo sapiens neanderthalensis

Answer 77

Neanderthals are generally classified by palaeontologists as the species Homo neanderthalensis, but a minority consider them to be a subspecies of Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis).[8] The first humans with proto-Neanderthal traits are believed to have existed in Eurasia as early as 600,000-350,000 years ago.[9]