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Bacc Core OSU > Anth330 Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Anth330 Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

K selected

A

fewer offspring, live birth

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2
Q

R selected

A

a lot of offspring at once, eggs

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3
Q

4 major primate groups

A

Prosimii - Lemurs, Lorises, Tarsiers (nocturnal, large eyes) south america.
New World Monkeys - Platyrrhini: Tamarins, howler, spider.
Old World Monkeys - Catarrhini: baboons, colubus (africa).
Apes and Humans - Hominoidera (superfamily)

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4
Q

Homeothermic

A

stable internal body temperature

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5
Q

Isotherm

A

body temp influenced by temperature

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6
Q

Quadrupedal

A

walking on four limbs

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7
Q

Bipedal

A

walking on two limbs, position of foramen magnum(hole in base of skull, spinal column), curvature of the spinal column(S shaped), shape of pelvis (bowl shaped), arch of foot(T,T joint), position of big toe, orientation of lower limbs (angled in)

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8
Q

Arboreal

A

adapted to life in trees

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9
Q

Behavioral Ecology

A

study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection

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10
Q

Behavior

A

anything organisms do that involves action in response to internal or external stimuli

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11
Q

Ecological

A

refers to relationships between organism and all aspects of their environment (temp, predators, vegetation, disease)

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12
Q

Savannah Enviro

A

large bodied, dimorphic primates, large groups, baboon

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13
Q

Home Range

A

geographic area within which a group of primates usually moves

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14
Q

Dominance Hierarchies

A

ranking system:
Linear: A is above B is above C
Triangular: A is above B is above C below D below B
Coalition: A is above B+C or B+C is above A

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15
Q

Affiliation

A

amicable associations between individuals. (reconciliation, consolation)

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16
Q

Altruism

A

behavior that benefits another individual but at some potential risk or cost to oneself. (ex: protect offspring)

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17
Q

Sexual Selection

A

only operates on one sex in species
male competition and female choice
can lead to sexual dimorphism

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18
Q

Biological Continuum

A

organisms are related through common ancestry and that behaviors and traits seen in one species are also seen in others to varying degrees. (DEGREE rather than KIND)

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19
Q

Fossil

A

remains of once living plants and animals

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20
Q

Material Culture

A

Durable remains of culture such as objects, structure, and the plants and animals used by hominins.

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21
Q

Taphonomy

A

study of the deposition of plant and animal remains and the environmental conditions affecting their preservation.

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22
Q

Artifact

A

any object fashioned or modified by humans (ex: cell phones, hierogliphics)

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23
Q

Features

A

non portable element such as hearth or an architectural element such as foundation that is preserved in the archeological record.

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24
Q

Site

A

places containing the archeological remains of previous human activity.

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25
Q

Survey

A

search for arch sites and collect info about the location, distribution, and organization of past humans

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26
Q

Grid System

A

(excavation process 1) 3D system for recording

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27
Q

Relative Dating

A

describing an event, object, or fossil as being older or young as another.

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28
Q

Dendrochronology

A

counting of the tree rings 12000-8000 BP

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29
Q

Radiocarbon Dating

A

measure radioactive decay of carbon

<50,000BP) (14C-12C

30
Q

Molecular Clock

A

determine when branching of related species occurs from a common ancestor.

31
Q

Hominin Clock

A

Human and Great Ape split: 5-7 mya

confirms with fossil evidence

32
Q

Ethnoarchaeology

A

approach used by archaeologists to gain insights into the past by studying contemporary people

33
Q

Experimental Archaeology

A

research that attempts to replicate anaent technology, procedures, or life ways to test a hypothesis.

34
Q

Arboreal Hypothesis

A

proposes that life in the trees was responsible for enhanced visual activity and manual dexterity in primates.

35
Q

Visual Predation Hypothesis

A

proposes that hunting behavior in the tree-dwelling primates was responsible for their enhanced visual activity

36
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

hole in base of skull, spinal column

37
Q

Gender

A

cultural traits, (man or woman identification)

38
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

males are larger or different than females

39
Q

Absolute Dating

A

determine approx computed age in archeology. also know as chronometric dating

40
Q

Prosimian

A

members of a suborder of Primates, the Prosimii. traditionally, the suborder includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers.

41
Q

Prehensile

A

grasping, as by the hands and feet of primates.

42
Q

Diurnal

A

active during the day

43
Q

Stereoscopic Vision

A

the condition whereby visual images are, to varying degrees, superimposed on one another. this provides dfor depth perception, or the perception of the external environment in three dimensions. stereoscopic vision is partly a function of structures in the brain.

44
Q

Sensory Modalities

A

different forms of sensation (e.g. touch, pain, pressure, heat, cold, vision, taste, hearing and smell).

45
Q

Adaptive Niche

A

the entire way of life of an organism; where it lives, what it eats, how it gets food, how it avoids predators, etc

46
Q

Brachiation

A

a form of locomotion in which the body is suspended beneath the hands and support is alternated from one forelimb to the other; arm swinging.

47
Q

Intelligence

A

mental capacity; ability to learn, reason, or comprehend and interpret information, facts, relationships, and meanings; the capacity to solve problems; whether through the application of previously acquired knowledge or through insight.

48
Q

Derived

A

referring to characteristics that are modified from the ancestral condition and thus are diagnostic of particular evolutionary changes.

49
Q

Social Structure

A

the composition, size and sex ratio of a group of animals. social structures, in part, are the results of natural selection in specific habitats, and they guide individual interactions and social relationships.

50
Q

Grooming

A

picking through fur to remove dirt, parasites, and other materials that may be present. social grooming is common among primates and reinforces social relationships.

51
Q

Anthropocentric

A

Regarding humans as the central element of the universe.

Interpreting reality exclusively in terms of human values and experience

52
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches

53
Q

Stratigraphy

A

study of earth sediments deposited in demarcated layers (strata). Age increases with depth → the deeper into the ground, the older.

54
Q

Sagittal Crest

A

A prominent ridge bone found on the cranium. Large temporal muscle attachments

55
Q

Dental Formula

A

The numerical description of a species’ teeth, listing the number, in one quadrant of the jaws, of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
Platarrhine: 2.1.3.3 new world monkeys
Catarrhine: 2.1.2.3 old world monkeys

56
Q

Diastima

A

space between two teeth

57
Q

Hominin

A

Humans and human ancestors in a more recent evolutionary taxonomy; based on genetics.

58
Q

Olfaction

A

The portion of the anterior brain that detects odors.

59
Q

Opposable

A

Refers to primates’ thumb, in that it can touch each of the four fingertips, enabling a grasping ability.

60
Q

Potassium Argon Dating

A

40K vs 40AR (>200,000 BP)

61
Q

Anthropoids

A

members of a suborder of Primates, the suborder Anthropoidea. Traditionally, the suborder includes monkeys, apes, and humans

62
Q

Binocular Vision

A

vision characterized by overlapping visual field provided for by forward-facing eyes.

63
Q

Neocortex

A

the more recently evolved portions of the brain’s cortex that are involved with higher mental functions and composed of areas that integrate incoming information from different senses.

64
Q

Ecofact

A

natural materials that give environmental information about a site. Examples include plant and animal remains discarded as food waste and also pollen grains preserved in the soil

65
Q

Seriation

A

relative dating method that orders artifacts into a temporal series based on their similar attributes or the frequency of these attributes

66
Q

Radiometric Decay

A

a measure of the rate at which certain radioactive isotopes disintegrate

67
Q

Half-Life

A

the time period in which one-half the amount of a radioactive isotope is chemically converted to a daughter product

68
Q

Nuchal Torus

A

a projection of bone in the back of the cranium where neck muscles attach; used to hold up the head

69
Q

Soft Hammer Percussion

A

a direct percussion method of making stone tools that uses a resilient hammer or billet to gain greater control over the length, width, and thickness of flakes driven from a core

70
Q

Hard Hammer Percussion

A

A direct percussion method of making stone tools that uses one rock as a hammer to knock flakes from another rock that serves as a core

Bacc Core OSU (11 decks)

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