ANTH 330 Midterm 1 Flashcards
Anthropology definition
study of humankind in all times and places
Anthropology is…
social science, studies culture, holistic, generalizing, comparative, empirical, fieldwork
Social Science
academic discipline concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society.
Studies Culture
socially transmitted ideas, values, perception
Holistic
social interactions, material objects, language, physical bodies
Generalizing
study small sample, generalize to population
Comparative
what makes people different or same
Empirical
observation or experimentation
Fieldwork
on site research
Sub disciplines of anthro
cultural, linguistic, archeology, physical
Cultural def
study of patterns, behavior, thoughts, culture producing
Ethnography
detailed description of a particular culture
Ethnology
study of different cultures from a comparative or historical point of view
Paleoanthropology
biological changes through time
Globalization
worldwide connectedness, rapid global movement of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, information, diseases. (holistic, comparative)
Ethical
responsibility to people and animals with cultures are studied
Define Science
a body of knowledge gained through observation and experimentation
3 basic questions
whats there?
how does it work?
how did it come to be this way?
characteristics of science
falsifiable, experiments reproduced, explanatory, predictive, reliable, not democratic, non dogmatic
Scientific Method
an approach to research whereby a problem is identified, a hypothesis is stated, and a hypothesis is tested
Fact
observation/phenomenon verified by experiments
Hypothesis
tentative explanation of relationships among a certain phenomenon
Theory
coherent statement that provides an explanatory framework (hypothesis) for understanding supported by a reliable body of facts.
Facts to theories
event -> relationship -> law -> theory
Doctrine
assertion of opinion or belief formally handed down by authority as true and indisputable. (catholic-bible)
Scientific process can NEVER
prove a theory, it can only disprove a hypothesis
Theology
systematic and rational study of concepts of God and their influences and the nature of the religious truths
Hermetic Theory
divine spirit present in all the material things in the world
Scientific Revolution
emergence of modern since when developments in math, physics, astronomy, bio, medicine, and chem transformed views of society and nature.
Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus - developed the method of classifying plants and animals. first person to include humans with animals.
Lamarck evolution theory
no enviro change, characteristics passed on generations
Catastrophism
Georges Curier. extinction, fossils
Uniformitarianism and Deep Time
Charles Lyell. Earth is older than people expected
actual source of variation
DNA, genes
actual mechanism of evolutionary change
mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, selection
microevolution
changes produced within one individual or generation. the production and redistribution of variation within individual organisms. (changes in allele frequences)
Allele
alternate form of a gene
gene
a sequence of DNA bases that specify the order of amino acids in a protein
Chromosome
organized structure of genes
Cell
basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
Prokaryotes
single-celled organism. no nucleus or organelles
Eukaryotes
multi-celled organisms. DNA contained in nucleus.
Somatic Cell (Type of Eukaryote)
muscles, bones, skin, nerves
Gametes (Type of Eukaryote)
sperm, eggs. pass on genetics
DNA
double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code
regulatory genes
genes that code for protein for function of body
homeobox genes (hox)
direct segmentation of embryonic tissues
Transcription
cell replication, DNA to mRNA
Translation
mRNA to amino acid chain at ribosomes
Mitosis
cell division of somatic cells
Meiosis
cell division of reproductive cells
Asexual reproduction
mitosis. 46 chromosomes. mutations only
Sexual reproduction
mitosis and meiosis. 23 chromosomes. mutation and fertilization.
Mutation
change in DNA
Fertilization
combo of two gametes
Gregor Mendel
principle of segregation. principle of independent assortment.
Dominance
ability of allele or trait to mask the presence of another allele
Recessiveness
allele for a trait is masked by the presence of another allele
Codominance
the expression of both alleles in phenotypes
Heterozygous
chromosome pair that bears different cycles for a single gene
Homozygous
chromosome pair that bears identical alleles for a single gene
Genotype
alleles possessed for a particular trait
Phenotype (effect of gene)
observable characteristic of an organism that may or may not reflect particular genotype
Monogenic
tongue rolling, handedness
Polygenic
height, skin color
Pleiotropic
sickle cell
Epigenetics (tags)
modification to DNA, protein, or RNA during an organism life time. passed on generations
Traditional Genetics (mutation)
slow changes to the genome. adaptions are static
