Bio 100 Unit #4 Flashcards
These are the 5 functions of the circulatory system.
- Delivering Nutrients 2. Collecting Metabolic Wastes from Cells 3. Regulation of body temperature 4. Fighting infection 5. Distribution of Hormones
This is what happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during INHALATION.
the volume INCREASES
This is the type of digestion that occurs in the mouth.
Mechanical AND Chemical
The purpose of fermentation is this.
To release NAD+ for glycolysis. No ATP is produced by fermentation.
This sticky substance is found in both the digestive and respiratory systems.
Mucus
Name 2 types of fermentation.
Alcohol and Lactic Acid fermentation
Name the 2 products of lactic acid fermentation.
NAD+ and lactic acid
Name the 3 products of alcohol fermentation.
NAD+, alcohol, and CO2
Name the four valves found in the heart.
Tricuspid, Pulmonary (right side) Mitral, & Aortic (left side)
These are the 3 conditions for an ideal respiratory surface.
a. Moist for dissolving O2 b. Huge surface area c. Single layer of cells
Saliva is important for 2 reasons, what are they?
- Contains digestive enzymes 2. Lubricates food for swallowing
These are the products of converting pyruvate.
NADH, CO2, & Acetyl Co-A
This is where blood travels from each atrium.
Ventricle
This is one purpose of inhalation.
Provides O2 for cellular respiration
Name the 2 sphincters connected to the stomach & their location.
Cardiac: between esophagus & stomach Pyloric: between stomach & small intestine
If an oxidation reaction occurs this happens also.
Reduction reaction
Name 3 organs that PRODUCE secretions for DIGESTION in the duodenum.
Liver: bile Pancreas: pancreatic juices Duodenum: peptidase
This is the pathway of air from the larynx.
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
This this the purpose of Adenosine Triphosphate.
Usable energy!! (ATP)
These are 2 pathways of circulation.
Systemic & Pulmonary
This circulation pathway is from the heart to the lungs & back.
Pulmonary
These organisms do lactic acid fermentation.
Mammals & some bacteria
This process drives gas exchange in the alveoli.
Diffusion
This circulation pathway is from the heart to the BODY & back.
Systemic
This structure relaxes & moves upward during exhalation.
Diaphragm
CO2 moves in this direction in the lungs.
From capillaries to alveoli
O2 moves in this direction in the lungs.
From alveoli to capillaries
This process uses muscles to squeeze food through the digestive tract.
Peristalsis
This is the estimated number of ATP produced by cellular respiration from one glucose molecule.
32
These blood vessels carry blood AWAY from the heart.
Arteries
The trachea has rings of this material to keep it open at all times.
Cartilage
This structure STORES bile for the liver.
Gallbladder
These organelles produce the majority of cellular ATP.
Mitochondria
Dirty blood has these levels of gases.
High CO2 Low O2
Name 3 pancreatic secretions.
Insulin, pancreatic juices, sodium bicarbonate
This is oxygen’s role in the ETC.
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC.
These blood vessels carry blood toward the heart.
Veins
This flap covers the trachea.
Epiglottis
This is the 3 steps of cellular respiration, in order.
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETC
This is the final product of glycolysis.
Pyruvate
Humans have this type of circulation.
Closed
This process uses glucose and O2 to produce ATP.
Cellular respiration
Though the stomach does some mechanical digestion, the majority occurs here.
Mouth
This part of the brain causes the diaphragm to contract.
Medulla oblongata
Low O2 blood is found in these structures of the heart.
Superior and Inferior Venae Cavae Right Atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Arteries
This is the equation for cellular respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O (& ATP!)
This substance uses salts to emulsify (break down) fats in the duodenum.
Bile
During exhalation, the rib cages does this.
Relaxes & moves down & in
This is the liquid component of blood.
Plasma
This happens during an oxidation reaction.
A molecule LOSES an electron.
This happens during a reduction reaction.
A molecule GAINS an electron.
The large surface area of the small intestine is due to these.
Villi and microvilli
Red blood cells of the circulatory system contain this protein for carrying oxygen.
Hemoglobin
This is where glycolysis occurs in a cell.
Cytoplasm
This is the only electron carrier produced by glycolysis.
NADH
This is a fancy name for “chewing”.
Mastication
This is when blood has low levels of hemoglobin or red blood cell count.
Anemia
The ETC produces ATP in this organelle.
Mitochondria
Acetyl Co-A is the starting material for this process.
Krebs cycle
High levels of this gas in the blood increase breathing rate.
CO2
The ETC uses these 2 electron carriers to make ATP.
NADH and FADH2
Starch digestion BEGINS here.
Mouth
What do each of the blood pressure numbers represent?
Upper = pressure during contraction of heart (systole) Lower = pressure when heart is relaxed (diastole)
This organ absorbs excess water from digested material.
Large intestine.
This waste gas is produced in the Krebs cycle.
CO2
This organ is responsible for the majority of chemical digestion.
Small intestine
These cells fight infection.
White Blood Cells (WBC)
This is an example of NEGATIVE pressure breathing.
Normal human breathing
This is called the citric acid cycle because it produces this acid.
Krebs cycle
This is a soft ball of partially chewed food.
Bolus
This is a soupy mix of well digested material.
Chyme
These structures carry out diffusion for gas exchange.
Alveoli and lung capillaries
This is the score you will get on the Unit 4 test.
A!
