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Bio 100 > Bio 100 Unit #2 > Flashcards

Bio 100 Unit #2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

This is the function of tRNA.

A

tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

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2
Q

What is a codon and what molecule has them?

A

A codon is a sequence of 3 nucleotides on mRNA that codes for an amino acid.

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3
Q

What 2 pyrimidines are found in RNA?

A

cytosine and uracil

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4
Q

What can be found in an RNA nucleotide?

A

1 phosphate
1 Ribose sugar
1 nitrogen base: either A, U, G or C

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5
Q

When during the cell cycle is DNA copied?

A

S phase of interphase

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6
Q

What happens during ANAPHASE of mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart.

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7
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Loosely coiled DNA found in the nucleus of a cell in interphase, thus NOT dividing.

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8
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

RNA - specifically rRNA

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9
Q

How many chromosomes are found in a body cell? Gamete?

A

46 in body cells

23 in gametes such as sperm or egg cells

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10
Q

What kind of cells undergo mitosis?

A

Body cells, like muscle or skin cells, undergo mitosis.

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11
Q

How are DNA & RNA polymerase the same and different?

A

Both are enzymes used to unzip DNA. DNA polymerase also adds DNA nucleotides during replication. RNA polymerase adds nucleotides for transcription.

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12
Q

How many chromosomes are found in a normal karyotype?

A

46 total: 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

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13
Q

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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14
Q

What phase of mitosis overlaps with cytokinesis?

A

Telophase

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15
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Identical copies of DNA that are held together by a centromere. They can be seen during cell division.

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16
Q

What DNA bases are complimentary to:

AGCT?

A

TCGA

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17
Q

What RNA bases are complimentary to DNA bases: AGCT

A

UCGA

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18
Q

What does the codon AUG code for?

A

2 things: “Start” and the amino acid, Methionine

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19
Q

How is a phenotype different than a genotype?

A

Phenotypes describe the physical expression of the genotype, which is the gene pair for a trait.

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20
Q

Describe meiosis.

A

Produces haploid gametes
Goes through 2 divisions
Halves the # of chromosomes in cells

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21
Q

When are replicated chromosomes visible?

A

Prophase and metaphase

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22
Q

What’s the difference between Homozygous and Heterozygous?

A

Homozygous: BB or bb
Heterozygous: Bb

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23
Q

What is a sex linked gene?

A

A gene found on a sex chromosome, usually the X.

24
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Matching chromosomes in that they are the same size/shape but also carry genes for the same traits. You would inherit 1 from each parent.

25
Q

How is cytokinesis in animal cells different than in plant cells?

A

Animal cells form an invagination called a cleavage furrow while plants form a cell plate.

26
Q

Which bases are purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

27
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

28
Q

How do DNA and RNA differ?

A

DNA: double helix, 2 sided, Thymine, Deoxyribose.
RNA: single sided, Uracil, Ribose

29
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Diploid body cells

30
Q

What are gametes?

A

Haploid sex cells like sperm cells

31
Q

Contrast co-dominance with incomplete dominance.

A

Co-dominance: Both alleles are expressed

Incomplete Dom: There is a blending effect with an intermediate form of each phenotype

32
Q

Who discovered the shape of DNA?

A

James Watson and Frances Crick, with the help of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

33
Q

What is a kinetochore?

A

Protein found near the centromere where spindle fibers attach.

34
Q

What kind of sex chromosomes are found in male & female gametes?

A

Females: 1 X only
Males: 1 X or 1 Y

35
Q

Where do transcription and translation occur?

A

Transcription: nucleus
Translation: cytoplasm

36
Q

What are the 4 phase of mitosis in order?

A

P, M, A, T

37
Q

How does cell division occur?

A

First the nucleus is divided (mitosis) then the rest of the cell splits (cytokinesis).

38
Q

What kind of bonds are found in DNA?

A

Strong covalent bonds down each side and weak hydrogen bonds across the molecule.

39
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Agents such as U.V. that can mutate DNA.

40
Q

What is meant by a polygenic trait?

A

The trait is controlled my multiple genes, not just alleles.

41
Q

T or F: asexual reproduction produces a lot of diversity.

A

False: offspring would be clones of the parent organism

42
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base

43
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Any change to the sequence of DNA

44
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a protein.

45
Q

What is the ultimate source of variation?

A

Mutations

46
Q

How many genes are involved in epistasis?

A

More than 1, because one will have the capacity to allow or deny the expression of another gene. Ex: fur color in labs

47
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

One gene causes a phenotype that has a cascade effect on other phenotypes. Ex: sickle cell gene

48
Q

What is a centriole?

A

An organelle involved in dividing chromosomes.

49
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The spot where sister chromatids attach.

50
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

3 nucleotides of tRNA that is complimentary to the codon in mRNA

51
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

A tetrad forms when homologous chromosomes attach together during prophase of meiosis.

52
Q

What happens during cross-over?

A

Tetrads swap genes to create diversity.

53
Q

Does dominant mean most common?

A

No - it means that the dominant gene can mask the presence of the recessive gene. It may or may not be the most common in a gene pool.

54
Q

Be able to interpret genetic crosses using Punnett Squares.

A

OK!

55
Q

Be able to identify various stages of the cell cycle from a diagram.

A

OK!

Bio 100 (5 decks)

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