Bibliography- Cognition

Question 1

Arnett, P. A., Rao, S. M., Bernardin, L., Grafman, J., Yetkin, F. Z., & Lobeck, L. (1994). Relationship between frontal lobe lesions and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 44(3 Part 1), 420-420.

Answer 1

Summary: MS patients with frontal lobe damage demonstrated worse WCST performance, indicating the DLPFC’s importance in maintaining cognitive flexibility.
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.44.3_Part_1.420

Question 2

Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168.

Answer 2

Summary: This comprehensive review identifies inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility as core components of executive functions, with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) playing a critical role.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750

Question 3

Kirchner, W. K. (1958). Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55(4), 352-358.

Answer 3

Summary: The n-back task revealed that increasing cognitive load leads to slower and less accurate responses, measuring working memory capacity.
DOI: 10.1037/h0043688

Question 4

Li, J., Qiu, L., Wang, A., & Zhang, L. (2006). An fMRI study of the neural systems involved in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Chinese Science Bulletin, 51(14), 1734-1738.

Answer 4

Summary: The fMRI study showed that frequent task-switching in the WCST increases DLPFC activity, confirming the DLPFC’s role in cognitive flexibility.
DOI: 10.1007/s11434-006-2045-0

Question 5

MacLeod, C. M. (1992). The Stroop task: The “gold standard” of attentional measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121(1), 12-14.

Answer 5

Summary: This review highlights the Stroop task’s robustness and reliability in measuring inhibitory control and attentional processes.
DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.121.1.12

Question 6

Milham, M. P., Erickson, K. I., Banich, M. T., Kramer, A. F., Webb, A., Wszalek, T., & Cohen, N. J. (2002). Attentional control in the aging brain: Insights from an fMRI study of the Stroop task. Brain and Cognition, 49(3), 277-296.

Answer 6

Summary: The study found that older adults had longer Stroop response times and reduced DLPFC activity, linking age-related declines in attentional control to decreased DLPFC activity.
DOI: 10.1006/brcg.2001.1501

Question 7

Milner, B. (1963). Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting: The role of the frontal lobes. Archives of Neurology, 9(1), 90-100.

Answer 7

Summary: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) revealed that frontal lobe lesions impair cognitive flexibility, demonstrating the frontal lobes’ role in adaptive thinking.
DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1963.00460070100010

Question 8

Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643-662

Answer 8

Summary: The study introduces the Stroop task, demonstrating that incongruent trials increased response times and errors, thereby measuring inhibitory control.
DOI: 10.1037/h0054651

Question 9

Tsuchida, A., & Fellows, L. K. (2009). Lesion evidence that two distinct regions within prefrontal cortex are critical for n-back performance in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21(12), 2263-2275.

Answer 9

Summary: Bilateral DLPFC lesions severely impaired n-back task performance, highlighting the DLPFC’s critical role in working memory.
DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2008.21172

Question 10

Vendrell, P., Junqué, C., Pujol, J., Jurado, M. A., Molet, J., & Grafman, J. (1995). The role of prefrontal regions in the Stroop task. Neuropsychologia, 33(3), 341-352.

Answer 10

Summary: Patients with prefrontal lesions showed impaired performance on the Stroop task, underscoring the DLPFC’s role in response inhibition.
DOI: 10.1016/0028-3932(94)00116-7

Question 11

Xu, B., Sandrini, M., Levy, S., Volochayev, R., Awosika, O., Butman, J. A., Pham, D. L., & Cohen, L. G. (2017). Lasting deficit in inhibitory control with mild traumatic brain injury. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 14902.

Answer 11

Summary: This study found that individuals with mild traumatic brain injury exhibit persistent deficits in inhibitory control.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14867-y

Question 12

Yeung, M. K., Sze, S. L., Chen, M. H., & Chan, A. S. (2021). Dissociable activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex in n-back task: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neuroscience Letters, 757, 135977.

Answer 12

Summary: The fNIRS study confirmed increased DLPFC activity during complex tasks, indicating its involvement in working memory processes.
DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135977