Benign + malignant tumors of the intestine Flashcards

1
Q

For malignant oesophageal tumors, where are the squamous cell tumors usually?

A

the middle third of the oesophagus

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2
Q

What do adenocarcinomas arise from in the oesophagus?

A

Barrett’s metaplasia

smoking + obesity are also risk factors

(and they are usually in the lower third of the oesophagus)

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3
Q

clinical features malignant oesophageal carcinoma

A

progressive dysphagia

weight loss

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4
Q

Investigations for malignant oesophageal carcinoma

A

oesophagoscopy with biopsy

CT: extra-oesophageal disease?

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5
Q

Mx oesophageal carcinoma

A

Poor prognosis 10% 5YSR

Surgical resection with pre-op chemo for localised tumors

Expandable metal stents can provide relief of dysphagia for palliative patients

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6
Q

Gastric cancer associations

A

H. pylori

Smoking
Diets (lots of salt, little fruit + veg)
FH

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7
Q

which part of the stomach do tumors normally occur and what cell type?

A

antrum

adenocarcinomas

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8
Q

How does H.pylori lead to gastric carcinoma?

A

h. pylori –> chronic gastritis –> intestinal metaplasia –> dysplasia –> carcinoma

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9
Q

Symptoms gastric cancer

A

Pain similar to peptic ulcer pain

More advanced disease: nausea, anorexia and weight loss

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10
Q

Signs gastric cancer

A

epigastric mass

lymph node sometimes felt in supraclavicular fossa (Virchow’s node)

mets: ascites + hepatomegaly

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11
Q

Ix gastric cancer

A

Initial: Gastroscopy + biopsy

Staging: CT, EUS (endoscopic ultrasound)

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12
Q

Mx gastric cancer

A

Surgery if operable

Lymphadenectomy

Pre-op chemo

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13
Q

What are the greatest risk factors for colorectal cancer?

A
  1. increasing age

2. family history

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14
Q

What is HNPCC

A

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

Accelerated progression from adenoma to CRC.
Onset in 4th decade

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15
Q

What is familial adenomatous polyposis

A

Numerous colorectal polyps develop in teenage years –> cancer by 20s

Epithelial up regulation and adenoma

Increased risk of extracolonic malignancies

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16
Q

Polyp

A

an abnormal growth of tissue projecting into the intestinal lumen from the normally flat mucosal surface

most polyps in the colon are adenocarcinomas

17
Q

colorectal cancer spread

A

by direct invasion through the bowel wall, later invasion of blood vessels + lymphatics, spread to the liver and lung

18
Q

Vogel-stein hypothesis colorectal cancer

A

hyper proliferation of mucosa
increasing size of polyp
5 x genetic mutations in growth

–> cancer!!!

19
Q

where are most colorectal tumors? and presentation

A

left side of the colon
retal bleeding + stenosis
increasing intestinal obstruction

20
Q

presentation of carcinoma of the caecum and ascending colon

A

iron deficiency anaemia (due to loss of blood from the bowel)

right iliac fossa mass

21
Q

Ix colorectal cancer

A

**Colonoscopy with biopsies

FBC: anaemia, liver function

Radiology, PET scan

Faecal occult blood tests: used in population screening studies

22
Q

Mx colorectal cancer

A

Surgical: tumor resection and end-to-end anastomosis of bowel

RT, CT

23
Q

Who do you screen for colon cancer?

A

high risk individuals

from family colon syndromes or with a 1st degree relative developing colon cancer aged

24
Q

what causes hepatocellular carcinoma? (HCC)

A

chronic liver disease

cirrhosis, particularly due to viral hepatitis

25
Q

clinical features HCC

A

weight loss, anorexia, fever, ascites and abd pain

focal lesion

26
Q

Ix HCC

A
US/CT shows large filing defects
Serum AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) may be raised

Biopsy if there is diagnostic doubt

27
Q

Mx HCC

A

surgical resection or liver transplantation

28
Q

Aetiology pancreatic carcinoma

A

Hereditary and environmental factors

chronic pancreatitis is also pre-malignant

29
Q

What symptoms does cancer affecting the head of the pancras or ampullae of Vater present with?

A

painless jaundice from obstruction of CBD, and weight loss

examination: jaundice with characteristic scratch marks + a distended palpable gallbladder

30
Q

Courvoisier’s law

A

if in a case of painless jaundice the gallbladder is palpable, the cause will not be gallstones

in gallstone disease CI and fibrosis prevent distension of the gallbladder

31
Q

How does cancer of the body or tail of the pancreas present?

A

abd pain, weight loss and anorexia

32
Q

Ix pancreatic cancer

A

US: dilated bile ducts and a mass lesion

MRI + EUS used for staging

33
Q

Mx pancreatic cancer

A

Surgical resection = the only hope of cure.
But few its have resectable disease at diagnosis

CT + RT

palliative Tx: endoscopic stenting across obstructed distal CBD to relieve obstructive jaundice

34
Q

Imaging shows a bile duct stricture, a hilar mass or multiple mets

A

cholanguicarcinoma, cancer of the bile ducts

35
Q

adenoma

A

benign tumour formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue

36
Q

what does faecal occult blood test do?

A

helps to diagnose bleeding disorders of the gut