Benign + malignant tumors of the intestine Flashcards
For malignant oesophageal tumors, where are the squamous cell tumors usually?
the middle third of the oesophagus
What do adenocarcinomas arise from in the oesophagus?
Barrett’s metaplasia
smoking + obesity are also risk factors
(and they are usually in the lower third of the oesophagus)
clinical features malignant oesophageal carcinoma
progressive dysphagia
weight loss
Investigations for malignant oesophageal carcinoma
oesophagoscopy with biopsy
CT: extra-oesophageal disease?
Mx oesophageal carcinoma
Poor prognosis 10% 5YSR
Surgical resection with pre-op chemo for localised tumors
Expandable metal stents can provide relief of dysphagia for palliative patients
Gastric cancer associations
H. pylori
Smoking
Diets (lots of salt, little fruit + veg)
FH
which part of the stomach do tumors normally occur and what cell type?
antrum
adenocarcinomas
How does H.pylori lead to gastric carcinoma?
h. pylori –> chronic gastritis –> intestinal metaplasia –> dysplasia –> carcinoma
Symptoms gastric cancer
Pain similar to peptic ulcer pain
More advanced disease: nausea, anorexia and weight loss
Signs gastric cancer
epigastric mass
lymph node sometimes felt in supraclavicular fossa (Virchow’s node)
mets: ascites + hepatomegaly
Ix gastric cancer
Initial: Gastroscopy + biopsy
Staging: CT, EUS (endoscopic ultrasound)
Mx gastric cancer
Surgery if operable
Lymphadenectomy
Pre-op chemo
What are the greatest risk factors for colorectal cancer?
- increasing age
2. family history
What is HNPCC
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
Accelerated progression from adenoma to CRC.
Onset in 4th decade
What is familial adenomatous polyposis
Numerous colorectal polyps develop in teenage years –> cancer by 20s
Epithelial up regulation and adenoma
Increased risk of extracolonic malignancies