Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Women's Health > Benign & Malignant Characteristics > Flashcards

Benign & Malignant Characteristics Flashcards

1
Q

What are clinical symptoms of a benign mass?

A
  • soft, rubbery
  • mobile
  • tender/painful
  • redness with fever and pain
  • nipple discharge that is green or white
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are clinical symptoms of a malignant mass?

A
  • firm, non mobile
  • asymptomatic
  • focal redness
  • skin dimpling
  • retracted nipple
  • clear or bloody nipple discharge
  • enlarged lymph nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are indications that nipple discharge is benign?

A
  • comes out when expressed
  • bilateral
  • green: infection
  • white/milky: benign ductal tumor or blockage, hormonal response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are indications that nipple discharge is malignant?

A
  • spontaneous
  • unilateral
  • blood: cancer cells invading ductal tissue
  • clear: abnormal proliferation of ductal epithelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How can benign vs malignant nipple retraction be differentiated?

A

Benign: bilateral, life-long, intermittent
Malignant: spontaneous, does not extrovert, unilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some typical benign mass shapes and orientations?

A
  • round, oval
  • macrolobulations
  • horizontal (long axis parallel to chest wall and skin)
  • wider than tall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some malignant mass shapes and orientations?

A
  • irregular shape
  • vertical orientation (long axis perpendicular to chest wall)
  • taller than wide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the echogenicity of benign findings compare to that of malignant findings?

A

benign:
- uniformly hyperechoic = benign fibrous tissue
- low to medium internal echoes or anechoic

malignant:
- hypoechoic
- some can be mildly hyperechoic or isoechoic to fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are benign and malignant masses typically homo or heterogenous?

A

benign: homogenous, larger masses can be heterogenous due to fibrosis, degen, calcification
malignant: heterogenous, highly cellular ca can be homogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference in posterior changes of benign and malignant masses?

A

benign: enhancement, minimal/no enhancement, some can shadow
malignant: shadowing, architectural distortion, obscured posterior wall, many display enhancement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between benign and malignant mass margins?

A

benign: defined, circumscribed, abrupt transition b/w mass & tissue
malignant: ill-defined, non circumscribed, indistinct margins into surrounding tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the characteristics of borders for benign and malignant findings.

A

benign: smooth, mild macrolobulation (< 3)
malignant: spiculated, angular, microlobulation, intraductal tumor extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does a spiculated mass look like?

A
  • alternating hyper & hypo lines radiating from surface of mass
  • possible echogenic halo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are angular borders?

A
  • irregular jagged margins
  • specific for malignancy
  • occurs where resistance to invasion is lowest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the border thickness/echogenicity of a benign mass typically like?

A

thin, echogenic pseudocapsule, compresses adjacent tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the border thickness/echogenicity of a malignant mass commonly like?

A
  • thick, echogenic halo = tumor infiltrations
  • peritumoral lymphedema can increase surrounding echogenicity
  • posterior features obscured by shadowing
  • hyperechoic rim
17
Q

How do you know which direction intraductal tumor extensions are going?

A
  • projections from a mass that extends within a duct: toward the nipple
  • projections branching outward: tumor extending away from nipple
18
Q

What are benign ductal changes and what causes them?

A
  • ductal ectasia (dilation): pregnancy, lactation, mastitis, menopause, fibrocystic changes, distention from benign mass
  • ductal echoes: proliferative changes, papilloma, fluid
19
Q

What are malignant ductal changes?

A

localized duct dilatation, irregularity, thickening, nodularity, microcalcs, bloody nipple discharge: intraductal cancer

20
Q

When can microcalcs be visualized on US?

A

in a hypoechoic mass

21
Q

What are the common appearances of benign calcifications?

A
  • coarse
  • large
  • shadowing
  • popcorn look of old fibroadenomas
22
Q

What can cause formation of benign calcifications?

A

necrosis, hemorrhage, scar

23
Q

What can cause curvilinear rim calcifications?

A

complication of sebaceous cysts, oil and hemorraghic cysts

24
Q

What does a milk of calcium cyst look like?

A

tea cup appearance on mamm

25
Q

What do malignant calcifications typically look like?

A
  • cluster of microcalcs
  • linear distribution
  • best seen on mamm
  • tiny, non shadowing
26
Q

What type of cancer commonly has calcifications?

A

ductal carcinoma in situ

27
Q

Widespread distributions of calcifications is associated with what?

A

extensive breast cancer

28
Q

What does skin thickening look like?

A

focal or diffuse, hyperechoic to normal skin

29
Q

What causes benign skin thickening?

A
  • trauma, bruising
  • acute infection
  • radiation therapy
  • reduction
  • dermatologic scar
  • right sided heart failure
  • nephrotic syndrome
30
Q

What commonly causes malignant skin thickening?

A
  • invasive breast ca, esp inflammatory ca
  • lymphatic obstruction from ca
  • mets from opposite breast
  • lymphoma
  • gynecologic ca: thoracoepigastric collaterals
31
Q

What is the typical vascularity of benign masses?

A
  • fluid-filled= non vascular
  • solid = hypovascular
  • lymph nodes = hilar flow
  • inflammation = hypervascular
32
Q

How is vascularity related to malignant masses?

A
  • lack of flow does not = benign
  • development of new blood vessels
  • peripheral, penetration & internal vessels
  • higher peak velocity
33
Q

What are characteristics of benign lymph nodes?

A
  • reniform
  • echogenic fatty hilum with arterial & venous vascularity
  • hypoechoic, homogenous
  • typically discrete
34
Q

What are characteristics of malignant lymph nodes?

A
  • enlarged
  • irregular shape
  • rounded
  • loss of fatty hilum
  • heterogenous cortex
  • vascular cortex
  • cortex > 3 mm

Women's Health (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions