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Sociology > Beliefs - Religion, Renewal & Choice - 5.4 > Flashcards

Beliefs - Religion, Renewal & Choice - 5.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

New Forms of Religion - Rejection of Secularisation (Key Studies)

A

> Davie (Believing without Belonging, Vicarious Religion, Differences in Impact of Modernisation)

> Leger (Cultural Amnesia & Spiritual Shopping)

> Lyon (Postmodern Religion & Globalisation & Consumerism, Re-Enchantment)

> Ammerman (Postmodern Religion & Consumerism)

> Lyotard (Monopoly of Truth)

> Hellend (Internet & Religion)

> Hoover et al (Rejection of Online Religion as evidence of a religious revival)

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2
Q

Davie - Believing w/out Belonging

A

> People now express belief in privatised way, church attendance increased in past due to social pressure - that no longer exists

> People still use it for special events e.g. Spiritual Health Service - available when needed

> e.g. death of Princess Diana

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3
Q

Davie - Vicarious Religion

A

> Decreased number of religious leaders practice religion on behalf of an increased number of absent people

> People now happy not attending - aware someone’s doing rituals on their behalf

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4
Q

Davie - Differences in Impact of Modernisation

A

> Doesn’t affect all nations - some groups e.g Islam & Hinduism have increases in membership

> Differences between the UK & US with high church membership in US vs low membership in UK - existence of multiple modernities

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5
Q

A03 - Criticisms of Davie (Key study)

A

> Voas & Crockett
Bruce
Bibby

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6
Q

Voas & Crockett - Criticisms of Davie

A

> British Social Attitudes Survey: church attendance & belief in god are declining, if Davie were right we would see increasing levels of belief

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7
Q

Bruce - Criticisms of Davie

A

> People not willing to go church reflects low strength of beliefs

> When people don’t believe, they don’t wish to belong, so less involvement with religion does not equal a religious revival

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8
Q

Bibby - Support of Davie

A

Researched Canada & found only 25% attend church regularly, but 80% said they hold religious belief

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9
Q

Hervieu-Leger - Cultural Amnesia

A

> Loss of collective memory in west e.g. kids use to be taught religion in extended family & Church

> Parents don’t teach kids about religion so no longer inherit fixed religious identity

> Still influences equality & human rights

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10
Q

Hervieu-Leger - Spiritual Shopping

A

> Religion still alive due to individual consumerism

> Now spirituals shoppers with increased choice. More elements we want to explore & groups we want to join.

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11
Q

Hervieu-Leger - Two religious types as result of Spiritual Shopping

A

> Pilgrims

> Converts

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12
Q

Pilgrims - Hervieu-Leger

A

> Follow own path for self-discovery

> Due to emphasis on personal development

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13
Q

Converts - Hervieu-Leger

A

> Join religious groups with a strong sense of belonging/community

> e.g. evangelical movements or Black, Asian and minority ethnic churches.

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14
Q

Lyon - Postmodern Religion & Globalisation

A

> Religion now disembedded e.g. electronic churches, relocate onto internet

> Allowing us to express faith without going church.

> So deinstitutionalised & removed from original location.

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15
Q

Lyon - Postmodern Religion & Consumerism

A

> We haven’t rejected religion but become religious consumers.

> Pick & Mix parts of religion suiting us & make them part of our identity.

> Religions work harder to attract & retain members

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16
Q

Bruce - Criticisms of Lyon - PM Religion & Consumerism

A

> New consumerist reg is weak - little effects on our lives

>

  • of secularisation, not continuation of reg.
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17
Q

Ammerman - Postmodern Religion & Consumerism

A

> People access services from a number of churches with no loyalty to any

> e.g. 1 family went to methodist church, used counselling at a baptist church & took children to another for daycare.

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18
Q

Lyotard - Monopoly of Truth

A

> Loss of faith in metanarratives & absolute truths people now sceptical about truths of religious beliefs

> Mainstream churches losing authority, but religion not disappearing

> Evolving into new forms, we can try new forms of religion - fits with a postmodern society

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19
Q

Hellend - Internet & Religion

A

> Can be religious without going to place of worship, internet changed the way people interact with the religious community

> So religious belief now disembedded.

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20
Q

Two Forms of Internet & Religion - Hellend

A

> Religion Online

> Online Religion

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21
Q

Religion Online - Hellend

A

> Religious organisations use internet to communicate message to followers

> No feedback or dialogue

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22
Q

Online Religion - Hellend

A

> Like-minded people interact in forums & discuss beliefs in unstructured format

> Allows for social solidarity & mutual support

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23
Q

Hoover et al - Rejection of Online Religion as evidence of a religious revival

A

For most users it’s addition to church-based activities, not a substitute.

24
Q

Lyon - Re-Enchantment

A

> Rejection of Weber, increase of unconventional beliefs & practices

> New period of increased religiosity

25
Q

Spiritual Revolution in Traditional Christianity

A

> Increase of spiritual market e.g. books on self-development

> Practitioners offer therapies e.g. meditation & crystal healing

26
Q

Self Religions & New Age - (Key Study)

A

> Heelas & Woodhead (Spiritual Revolution) (decline of traditional religions & compensation through spirituality)

27
Q

Congregational Domain - Heelas & Woodhead

A

Traditional Churches & Evangelical Christianity

28
Q

Holistic Milieu (HM) - Heelas & Woodhead

A

Spirituality & the New Age

29
Q

Heelas & Woodhead - Spiritual Revolution (Decline of Traditional Religion & Compensation through Spirituality)

A

> Traditional churches lost support, (increasing people are part of the holistic milieu, due to move to focus on exploring inner self - decline in belief in God)

> Evangelical churches increasing success over the traditional churches due to focus on spiritual healing & revitalisation

> Winners in spiritual marketplace, appeal to a personal experience over the traditional rules associated with the traditional churches

30
Q

Criticisms of Heelas & Woodhead

A

Doesn’t mean spiritual revolution taken place, small increase in people making up the holistic milieu doesn’t account for the larger decline of traditional religion.

31
Q

General Criticisms of the New Age

A

> Socialisation of next generation

> Structural weaknesses

32
Q

Socialisation of next generation - General Criticisms of the New Age

A

> Only minority of New Age children shared parents belief in the holistic milieu, increasing numbers of people involved in the New Age are likely to be childless

> Belief system not passed to next generation

33
Q

Structural Weakness - General Criticisms of New Age

A

> New Age spirituality causes secularisation due to individualism

> Lacks cohesion - free to believe whatever - people not joined together.

34
Q

Criticisms of New Age - Weak Commitment (Bruce)

A

Though many took part in meditation, astrology etc, proper commitment to New Age beliefs was rare.

35
Q

Religious Market Theory (Key Studies)

A

> Stark & Bainbridge (Cycle of Renewal, Competition, US v UK)

> Finke (Impact of Asian Immigration on Competition in US)

> Lyon (Jesus in Disneyland)

36
Q

Why do Stark & Bainbridge criticise Secularisation Theory?

A

> Distorted view of past & future, no golden age of religion & we won’t all be atheist in the future

> Eurocentric - ignores continuing vitality of religion in US

37
Q

Two Assumptions based on Religious Market Theory

A

> People are naturally religious and religion meets their needs

> People make rational choices based on the numbers of religious options available to them

38
Q

How do the two assumptions make Religious Market Theory attractive?

A

> Gives supernatural compensators when real rewards aren’t possible

> e.g. immortality unobtainable, compensates offering afterlife

> Believing religion has decreasing costs with increasing rewards

39
Q

Cycle of Renewal - Stark and Bainbridge

A

> Historical cycle of religious decline, revival & renewal,

> Decreasing numbers of churches leave gap in market for new sects and cults to attract followers.

> Religion is changing, not disappearing.

40
Q

Competition - Stark and Bainbridge

A

> Leads to improvement in quality of religious goods on offer

> Churches making products attractive will attract increasing customers

41
Q

US v UK - Stark and Bainbridge

A

> UK is dominated by one religion, lack of choice results in decline in religion

> US has many religious groups to choose from and these groups compete for survival

> These groups want to give the best religious experience - healthy competition means religion thrives

42
Q

Finke - Impact of Asian Immigration on Competition in America

A

Allowed Asian religion to set up permanently in US, becoming popular with consumers in a religious marketplace.

43
Q

Jesus in Disneyland - Lyon

A

> Denominations hold service in theme parks - this attracts followers

> Spiritual shoppers are looking for a magical experience, which was lost after the enlightenment (growth in scientific thinking)

44
Q

A03 - Criticisms of Religious Market Theory (Key thinkers)

A

> Bruce
Norris & Ingelhart
Beckford

45
Q

Bruce - Criticisms of Religious Market Theory

A

> Statistics show religious diversity is accompanied with religious decline in Europe & US

46
Q

Norris & Ingelhart - Criticisms of Religious Market Theory

A

> Increased levels of religious participation only exist in countries with a church with a monopoly (one main church) e.g. Venezuela

> Countries with religious pluralism (many religions) have lower levels of participation e.g. Australia

47
Q

Beckford - Criticisms of Religious Market Theory

A

Unsociological, assumes people are naturally religious, doesn’t explain why they make choices they do.

48
Q

Existential Security Theory (Key Study)

A

> Norris & Ingelhart (Distinguish between poor & rich Societies, EU vs US

> Gill & Lundegaarde (Relationship with welfare & religion)

49
Q

Existential Security

A

Feeling survival is secure so can be taken for granted, religion meets need of security

50
Q

Norris & Ingelhart (Distinguishment vs Poor & Rich Societies)

A

> Poor: Life threatening risks e.g. famine & disease equal lower levels of security, but increased levels of religiosity. Therefore, poor people in rich societies face insecurity

> Rich: Higher standard of living, less risk so more security, so lower levels of religiosity.

51
Q

Norris & Ingelhart (EU vs America)

A

> EU increasingly secular as societies have welfare so the working class feel more secure

> US inadequate welfare & individualism poverty & insecurity therefore increasing need for religion

52
Q

Gill & Lundegaarde - Relationship with welfare & religion

A

> The more a country spends on welfare means lower levels of religious participation

> But religion doesn’t die as it has answers to ultimate questions.

53
Q

Criticisms of Existential Security Theory (Key Study)

A

> Vasquez (Problems with Quantitative Data & Religion as a response to deprivation)

54
Q

Vasquez - Criticisms of Existential Security Theory

A

Uses only quantitative data on income levels doesn’t look people’s own definitions of existential security, need for more qualitative research

55
Q

Vasquez - Criticisms of Existential Security Theories

A

Ignores positive reasons people have religious participation & the appeal some religions have for the wealthy.

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