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sociology > Beliefs in Society theorists > Flashcards

Beliefs in Society theorists Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Oakley- feminism

A

ideologies such as science and religion have promoted the patriarchy for generations. reinforced women staying at home and men as the breadwinner

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2
Q

Weber- substantive

A

religion is based on the belief in a supernatural power beyond nature, which cannot be scientifically explained, establishing a clear distinction between religion and non religion
- wester bias- excludes religions such as Buddhism

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3
Q

Functional definition of religion

A

social/psychological functions, Durkheim: social integration.

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4
Q

Constructionist definition of religion

A

focuses on how individuals define religion, no universal definition

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5
Q

Aldridge- theory

A

followers of class scientology as a religion but governments denied it legal status as a religion

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6
Q

Malinowski- Functionalist theory

A

promotes solidarity by helping people cope with emotional stress e.g. exams
1. uncertainty - Trobiand islanders
2. Life crises

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7
Q

Parsons- Functionalist theory

A

religion creates and legitimises societies basic norms and values.
- helps people come to terms with new life changes e.g. death, puberty, marriage.
- Mechanism of Adjustment

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8
Q

Bellah- Functionalist theory

A

loyalty within the state- religion brings the American community together.
- Civil Religion- bringing people together. Not central around God but a central significance of the Flag and what it means to bring people together. E.g. Durkheim- Sacred

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9
Q

legitimising - Marxist view

A

Ideological tool for the ruling class to justify the suffering of the poor.

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10
Q

alienation- Marxist view

A

religion is a product of alienation and capitalism, used by the exploited for consolidation.

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11
Q

Evidence of patriarchy in religion- Feminism

A
  • Religious organisations are male dominated- Women cannot become priests
  • Segregated the sexes and marginals women- seating behind a screen in a synagogue
  • Male gods and prophets and anti female stereotypes (eve)
  • Catholic churches ban abortion
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12
Q

Woodhead- feminist theories

A

wearing a Hijab or veil by Muslims may be a means of liberation

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13
Q

2 ways that religion is a conservative force

A
  1. Upholds traditional beliefs on how society should be organised
  2. Conserves and preserve things as they are
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14
Q

Crockett - Secularisation

A

estimates that in a year, 40% or more of the adult population of Britain attended church on Sundays.

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15
Q

How does Bryan Wilson define secularisation?

A

the process whereby religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose social significance.

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16
Q

Max Weber- Rationalisation

A

Refers to the process by which rational ways of thinking have come to replace religious ones.

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17
Q

Max weber- Disenchantment

A

Protestantism saw God as transcendent instead of the interventionist that Catholicism saw, this explained how although God created the world he didn’t intervene and let nature rule itself. This explained the work of unpredictable supernatural beings as predictable workings of natural forces.

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18
Q

Profane- functionalist

A

Everyday things in our lives, not treated as special. Most things around us are like this e.g. pen

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19
Q

Sacred- functionalist

A

Opposite of Profane. Durkheim uses this to describe things that are treated as special. e.g. school chapel, childhood teddy

20
Q

collective conscience - functionalists

A

shared norms and values, beliefs and knowledge that make social life possible. it is reinforced through religious ritual

21
Q

Secularisation

A

Refers to the decline in the importance of religion

22
Q

what is compensation - Marxists

A

How religion makes life bearable. The way that religion soothes pain and distorts reality.
This prevents the proletariat from wanting change

23
Q

what is social control- Marxists

A

How religion makes the proletariat conform. It involves a fear of being punished of they stray from religious guidance. This religious guidance serves the ruling class

24
Q

what is the agent of legitimation- Marxists

A

How religion promotes hierarchy and a respect for those in power. Religion justifies inequality and says that this is natural

25
Q

Ideological state apparatus- Marxists

A

Education, Family, Religion, Media

26
Q

Repressive State Apparatus- Marxists

A

Police, Army- they have the power to reinforce ideas

27
Q

Opium of the Masses- Marxists

A
  • Religion provides false comfort
  • Distorts reality
  • Pacifies the working class
  • Acts as an opiate to dull the pain of exploitation but opium makes the pain rather than treating its cause
28
Q

Spiritual Gin- Marxists

A
  • A tool for social control
  • Prevents class consciousness
29
Q

Ideology- Marxists

A
  • prevents social change
  • creating false consciousness
  • legitimating class inequality
  • religion acts as a ideological weapon used by the ruling class
  • refers to an idea or belief that distorts reality to serve the interests of a dominant group
30
Q

Alienation- Marxists

A
  • Alienation from the product of labour
  • Link between alienation and capitalism
  • Alienation from self
  • Alienation from others
  • we have little control over our work
31
Q

False class consciousness- Marxists

A
  • refers to the idea that the working class are unaware of their true social and economic interests.
  • form of escapism
32
Q

Blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the land (Matthew 5:5)

A

Going through difficult times now but then will get rewarded in the afterlife- stops people from trying to change their position. False class consciousness

33
Q

It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God (Mark 10:25)

A
  • It is extremely difficult and rare for rich people to go to heaven
  • False class consciousness- poor people think they are going to be rewarded and go to heaven, so they continue to be oppressed.
34
Q

The rich man at his castle, the poor man at his gate, God made them, high or lowly, and ordered their estate (Hymn – All Things Bright and Beautiful)

A
  • God created the world- he created the inequality between the rich and the poor. God is aware of inequalities and does not help the poor- ideological state apparatus
35
Q

Obligation and Consumption (Davie) - Religion, Renewal and choice

A
  • Believing without belonging
  • Spiritual Health service
  • Religion isn’t declining and is taking a different more privatised form. Such as ‘Vicarious religion’
36
Q

Spiritual Shopping- Religion, renewal and choice

A

picking and choosing which aspects they wish to keep while discarding those that don’t fit their personal beliefs or lifestyles.

37
Q

why is there a decline of institutional religion? Religion, renewal and choice

A
  • few parents now teach children about religion
  • Parents encourage children to decide their own beliefs
  • Young people lack religious identities due to weakened religious socialization
38
Q

Why is spiritual shopping beneficial to society? Religion, renewal and choice

A
  • Explains the decline of traditional religious authority.
  • More focused on personal spirituality
  • Acknowledges religious pluralism and diversity
  • Reinterprets the secularisation debate
39
Q

Why is spiritual shopping NOT beneficial to society? Religion, renewal and choice

A
  • simplifies religious engagement
  • exaggerates secularisation
  • over emphasises on individualisation
  • neglect of structural factors
40
Q

what is post modern religion? Religion, renewal and choice

A

Refers to the way religious beliefs, practices and institutions are evolving as a result to a post modern society.

41
Q

David Lyon- Religion, renewal and choice

A

He argues traditional religion is changing to a variety of new religious forms in recent decades.
- Globalisation, media and communications has resulted in the nature of religion to change

42
Q

How has globalisation and media affected religion? Religion, renewal and choice

A
  • Growth in interconnectedness of societies
  • Leads to increase of movements in ideas and beliefs
  • this also increases the diversity in churches with many religions
43
Q

What is a ‘electronic church’- Religion, renewal and choice

A

relocated churches to the internet, allowing believers to express their faith without physically attending church

44
Q

what is religion online? Religion, renewal and choice

A

A top down communication where a religious organisation uses the internet to address members of potential converts.

45
Q

what is online religion? Religion, renewal and choice

A

A form of ‘cyber religion’ that may have no existence outside of the internet. allows for a sense of communication

46
Q

what does Lyon argue? Religion, renewal and choice

A

we are now in a period of re- enchantment with the growth of unconventional beliefs, practices and spirituality

sociology (3 decks)

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