Behaviourism

Question 1

Who founded classical behaviourism?

Answer 1

John B. Watson.

Question 2

What is the main focus of behaviourism?

Answer 2

The study of observable behavior.

Question 3

What did Ivan Pavlov discover?

Answer 3

Classical conditioning.

Question 4

What is a conditioned reflex?

Answer 4

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

Question 5

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

Answer 5

The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the stimulus is no longer paired.

Question 6

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 6

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period.

Question 7

What is disinhibition in conditioning?

Answer 7

The sudden reappearance of a conditioned response when a new stimulus is introduced.

Question 8

What is reflexology?

Answer 8

Bechterev’s objective study of behavior and reflexes.

Question 9

What are the four types of behavior described by Watson?

Answer 9

Explicit learned, implicit learned, explicit unlearned, and implicit unlearned behaviors.

Question 10

What was the Little Albert experiment?

Answer 10

A study by Watson and Rayner demonstrating conditioned emotional responses.

Question 11

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 11

A method of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences, introduced by Skinner.

Question 12

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 12

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.

Question 13

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 13

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.

Question 14

What is punishment in operant conditioning?

Answer 14

An action used to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

Question 15

Who developed the concept of the ‘cognitive map’?

Answer 15

Edward Chace Tolman.

Question 16

What is latent learning?

Answer 16

Learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so.

Question 17

What is Hull’s hypothetico-deductive theory?

Answer 17

A systematic approach to understanding learning and behavior through testable hypotheses.

Question 18

What is Skinner’s concept of reinforcement?

Answer 18

Anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

Question 19

What is a primary reinforcer?

Answer 19

A stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water.

Question 20

What is a secondary reinforcer?

Answer 20

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer.

Question 21

What is McDougall’s view on instincts?

Answer 21

They are innate and provide motivation for behavior.

Question 22

What is operationalism in neo-behaviourism?

Answer 22

Defining abstract concepts through measurable procedures.

Question 23

What is logical positivism?

Answer 23

The idea that knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and logical reasoning.

Question 24

What is the empirical part of science?

Answer 24

Observable terms and occurrences in experiments.

Question 25

What is the theoretical part of science?

Answer 25

Attempts to explain what is observed.

Question 26

What is the main idea behind Skinner’s radical behaviourism?

Answer 26

All behavior is determined by environmental factors.

Question 27

What is reinforcement schedule?

Answer 27

A plan for determining when reinforcements are given.

Question 28

What are Tolman’s intervening variables?

Answer 28

Cognitive or mental variables that mediate between stimuli and responses.

Question 29

What did Watson believe about instincts?

Answer 29

He denied their existence, attributing behavior to learning and experience.

Question 30

What is Bechterev’s focus in reflexology?

Answer 30

The study of motor reflexes and their relationship to environmental influences.