Behaviourism Flashcards
Who founded classical behaviourism?
John B. Watson.
What is the main focus of behaviourism?
The study of observable behavior.
What did Ivan Pavlov discover?
Classical conditioning.
What is a conditioned reflex?
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the stimulus is no longer paired.
What is spontaneous recovery?
The reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period.
What is disinhibition in conditioning?
The sudden reappearance of a conditioned response when a new stimulus is introduced.
What is reflexology?
Bechterev’s objective study of behavior and reflexes.
What are the four types of behavior described by Watson?
Explicit learned, implicit learned, explicit unlearned, and implicit unlearned behaviors.
What was the Little Albert experiment?
A study by Watson and Rayner demonstrating conditioned emotional responses.
What is operant conditioning?
A method of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences, introduced by Skinner.
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.
What is punishment in operant conditioning?
An action used to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring.
Who developed the concept of the ‘cognitive map’?
Edward Chace Tolman.
What is latent learning?
Learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so.
What is Hull’s hypothetico-deductive theory?
A systematic approach to understanding learning and behavior through testable hypotheses.
What is Skinner’s concept of reinforcement?
Anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.
What is a primary reinforcer?
A stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water.
What is a secondary reinforcer?
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer.
What is McDougall’s view on instincts?
They are innate and provide motivation for behavior.
What is operationalism in neo-behaviourism?
Defining abstract concepts through measurable procedures.
What is logical positivism?
The idea that knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and logical reasoning.
What is the empirical part of science?
Observable terms and occurrences in experiments.
What is the theoretical part of science?
Attempts to explain what is observed.
What is the main idea behind Skinner’s radical behaviourism?
All behavior is determined by environmental factors.
What is reinforcement schedule?
A plan for determining when reinforcements are given.
What are Tolman’s intervening variables?
Cognitive or mental variables that mediate between stimuli and responses.
What did Watson believe about instincts?
He denied their existence, attributing behavior to learning and experience.
What is Bechterev’s focus in reflexology?
The study of motor reflexes and their relationship to environmental influences.
