Behaviour - L2

Question 1

What are some examples of non-associative learning?

Answer 1

Imprinting, habituation, sensitisation, and desensitisation

Question 2

What is associative learning?

Answer 2

It is about the relationship between two separate stimuli, and where a new response becomes associated with a particular stimulus

Question 3

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 3

Learning association between a previously neutral stimulus (CS) and a previously meaningful stimulus (UCS)

Question 4

What does UCS, UCR, CS, and CR stand for?

Answer 4

UCS = uncondoned stimulus
UCR = unconditioned response
CS = condoned stimulus
CR = conditioned response

Question 5

What is the purpose of classical conditioning?

Answer 5

It is used to establish the association between the stimulus and the response

Question 6

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 6

It is the change in probability of a behaviour being preformed due to a learned association between that behaviour and a meaningful consequence for the animal.

The animal learns a behaviour that is followed by a consequence it likes (reinforcer) or does not like (punisher), therefore behaving accordingly in the future.

Question 7

Operant or Classical conditioning? Its time for food. I should press the lever.

Answer 7

Operant conditioning. In this case, pressing the lever (the behaviour) is associated with receiving food (the consequence).

Question 8

Operant or Classical conditioning?
Stimulus - Bell
Behaviour - Drool

Answer 8

This is classical conditioning.
This type of conditioning involves associating an involuntary response (like drooling) with a stimulus (the bell) that originally didn’t elicit that response.

Question 9

What is the term for the process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus?

Answer 9

Classical conditioning

Question 10

A dog learns to sit to avoid the unpleasant experience of a leash tugging at its neck. By sitting, the dog removes the discomfort.
What effect is this?

Answer 10

Negative reinforcement

Question 11

A horse that learns to respond to a command to stop pulling on the reins will experience less pressure on its mouth, reinforcing the behaviour of responding to the command.
What effect is this?

Answer 11

Negative reinforcement

Question 12

What is a punishment?

Answer 12

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated.

Question 13

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 13

Presentation of a pleasant stimulus that increases the behaviour

E.g. Giving a dog a treat after sitting.

Question 14

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 14

The removal of an aversive stimulus that increases the behaviour

E.g. removing pressure on the horse’s sides when they start walking

Question 15

What is positive punishment?

Answer 15

Presentation of an aversive stimulus that decreases the behaviour

E.g. hitting a horse on the nose when its biting

Question 16

What is negative punishment?

Answer 16

The removal of a pleasant stimulus that decreases the behaviour.

E.g. turning away when a dog jumps up on you

Question 17

What is the difference between reinforcing and punishment?

Answer 17

Reinforcing is when you want the desired behaviour to be repeated, while punishment is when you want the behaviour to stop/decrease.

Question 18

What is a primary reinforcer?

Answer 18

It is the biological meaningful reinforcer that has intrinsic value, meaning that it satisfies a basic need or desire.

Question 19

What is a secondary reinforcer?

Answer 19

It is a learned reinforcer that gains its value through association with primary reinforcers. It is usually used through classical conditioning.

Question 20

What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?

Answer 20

The difference between primary and secondary reinforcers is that primary reinforcers fulfil basic biological needs (like food and water), while secondary reinforcers gain value through association with primary reinforcers (rewards and treats).

Question 21

What is supressed behaviour?

Answer 21

Refers to a decrease in the frequency of a behaviour due to negative consequences or punishment.