Behavioral Psychology CH. 16

Question 1

Abnormality

Answer 1

whatever is maladaptive for the individual or for those around the individual.

•Changes from culture to culture.

Question 2

Diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM-IV)

Answer 2

The major classification system of abnormality used in the Western world.

•Comes from the American Psychiatric Association (1994).

Question 3

DSM-IV Axis II disorders

Answer 3

disorders of infancy, childhood or adolescence; cognitive disorders such as dementia and amnesia; substance-related disorders; psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia; mood disorders; anxiety disorders; somatoform disorders (that is, disorders about the body); factitious disorders (in which symptoms are feigned or consciously produced); dissociative disorders (temporary alterations to consciousness); sexual disorders; eating disorders; sleep disorders; impulse disorders (such as compulsive stealing or lying); adjustment disorders.

Question 4

DSM-IV AXIS I disorders

Answer 4

describing various types of personality dysfunction: anti social; avoidant; borderline; dependent; histrionic; narcissistic; obsessive-compulsive; paranoid; schizoid; schizotypal.

Question 5

Phobias

Answer 5

persistent irrational fears of something.

•It can be anything, an object, an event, a setting; anything that upsets the individual.

Question 6

Main types of phobias

Answer 6

simple, social, and agoraphobia.

Question 7

simple phobia

Answer 7

involving a single thing such as dogs, spiders, or darkness, even in some cases being bizarre in the extreme, for example, the fear that one’s knees will suddenly bend backwards (kneebophobia).

Question 8

Social phobia

Answer 8

fear of criticism, ridicule, embarrassment, and so on, leading to avoidance of all groups.

Question 9

Agoraphobia

Answer 9

intense fear of open or public places.

Question 10

Anxiety disorder 2: obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCDs)

Answer 10

• These anxiety-driven disorders take the form of persistent (unwanted) thoughts or impulses to perform certain actions that cannot be resisted, usually in order to be rid of the thoughts.
• The thoughts and actions involved are unwanted and not enjoyed at all.
• The person knows that the behavior is foolish, nonsensical or pointless, but cannot desist from doing it.

Question 11

Anxiety disorder 1

Answer 11

phobias

Question 12

Disorders of mood

Answer 12

Are connected with debilitating disturbances in emotional state.

Question 13

Depression

Answer 13

includes some or all of the following symptoms, which are a mixture of emotional, motivational, cognitive and physical.

•Anhedonia (loss of pleasure), sadness, feelings of hopelessness and negative notions of the self, poor concentration and memory, passivity, lack of initiative, loss of appetite, poor sleeping, fatigue, aches and pains.

Question 14

Seasonal depression disorder (SAD)

Answer 14

depressions that occur seasonally for some people.

Question 15

Bipolar disorder

Answer 15

manic mood swing- might be quite rapid or might occur only occasionally.

• When in a manic phase a person becomes highly excited, hyperactive, constantly talking and seeing no need for sleep.
• In a manic phase the person is dancing about on a high wire, full of grandiose ideas and plans and might well go and spend huge sums of money or take completely impractical trips. Might be hypersexual, bankrupt, fired, divorced.

Question 16

Schizophrenia

Answer 16

is not split personality.

oThe ‘split’ suggested by ‘schizo’ is between the person and what is normally considered reality, rather than something within the person. It can take many forms, with each instance being unique, but always involves some or other disorganization of personality, distortion of reality (through hallucinations, delusions and blunted emotion), and usually means an inability to function in daily life. It seems to occur in most cultures that have been studied and affects about 1 percent of people, equally divided between the sexes.

• Both thought process and content may be disturbed in schizophrenia.
• Most schizophrenics are a danger only to themselves rather than to others.
• Experience large-scale perceptual distortions.

Question 17

DSM-IV five major types of schizophrenia

Answer 17

• Disorganized schizophrenia
• Catatonic schizophrenia
• Paranoid schizophrenia
• Undifferentiated schizophrenia
• Residual schizophrenia

Question 18

Disorganized schizophrenia

Answer 18

is replete with delusions and hallucinations, flat or inappropriate emotional display and sometimes large mood swings.

Question 19

Catatonic schizophrenia

Answer 19

has long times of complete immobility and detachment.

Question 20

Paranoid schizophrenia

Answer 20

is characterized by threatening or critical voices of persecution or aggrandizing voices of grandeur. Many events are interpreted as though they are of special significance for the person.

Question 21

Paranoid

Answer 21

is where someone is suffering from delusions of persecution, not someone who is simply afraid of something, as is moving into common (mis)use currently.

Question 22

Undifferentiated schizophrenia

Answer 22

is simply a category for anyone who does not quite fit into the other categories.

Question 23

Residual schizophrenia

Answer 23

describes someone who has had a schizophrenic episode and still shows a few signs, but nothing more.

Question 24

Dissociative Identity disorder (DID)

Answer 24

Is the disorder that is mixed up with schizophrenia in everyday language.

• It involves multiple (that is, split) personalities.
• Each personality that develops has its own identity (age, name, characteristics, memories, etc.) and takes control of the person while it is present.
• Usually results from extreme childhood trauma, most often involving child sexual abuse and tends to begin at about 4 to 6 years of age.

Question 25

Dissociative amnesia

Answer 25

a person suddenly loses all recall of events that occurred during and after a particularly traumatic event. * Although being able to live fairly normally in the world, the person might also have forgotten his or her name and address and the relevant details of other family members. * After anything from a few hours to a few year, the person suddenly snaps back into full memory.

Question 26

Dissociative Fugue

Answer 26

the person responds to a traumatic event by suddenly beginning an entirely new life, new identity new job, new relationships, everything, with absolutely no memory of what went before.

Question 27

Personality Disorders

Answer 27

Those who experience them may well not be motivated to change because they do not feel particularly upset or anxious. •There is no loss of contact with reality and no special disorganization of behavior.

Question 28

Anti-social personality disorder

Answer 28

They appear to have no conscience. * Superficially charming, what they do is determined exclusively by their own desires or wants. * Act on impulse, driven by immediate goals and gratifications and show no shame, guilt, embarrassment or remorse for any actions that might harm others. * Insincere, unreliable and untruthful even though reasonably poised and apparently at ease socially. * Mixture of genetic and environmental.

Question 29

Borderline personality disorder

Answer 29

suggests that someone has a personality that is only acceptable in a borderline way. * Is between neurotic traits (extreme anxiety, emotional instability) and psychotic tendencies (as in schizophrenia). * Moods and emotions might swing from anxiety to depression to anger, all in the extreme. * View of themselves swings from huge self-aggrandizement to equally large self-abasement. * Relationships with others are appalling, swinging from believing the other person to be wonderful to loathing and rejecting them to the full. * In the extreme may engage in self-mutilation (usually cutting themselves. * Associated with depression, generalized anxiety, agoraphobia, and so on. * Tend to see themselves and others as either all good or all bad and never put the two together; they veer from one to another.

Question 30

Paranoid personality disorder

Answer 30

person tends to be suspicious of everyone else. He or she expects to be treated badly and blamed for everything bad that happens while blaming others for everything bad that happens to him or her.

Question 31

Schizoid personality disorder

Answer 31

rests on poor relationships. The person seems to be incapable of forming relationships, largely because of an extreme indifference towards other people’s reactions.

Question 32

Schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 32

hard to distinguish from a mild form of schizophrenia. The person suffers from illusions and behaves in very unusual bizarre ways. May believe that he or she is in contact with the supernatural and moves on from this to other forms of magical thinking.

Question 33

Narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 33

individuals have a highly aggrandized view of themselves. Completely self-absorbed and self-centered, never considering others in their personal relationships. * They appear to have no empathy for others. * Tends to use other people and to be only concerned with his or her successes and how best they can be achieved.

Question 34

Histrionic personality disorder

Answer 34

an attention-seeker, someone who behaves as though acting out a play on the stage of life in the constant presence of an audience. •Tends to be shallow, demanding and manipulative, apparently displaying a great deal of emotion, but with little to it in the way of depth.

Question 35

Avoidant personality disorder

Answer 35

is consumed with the possibility of rejection, so much so that he or she is very reluctant to enter into any close relationships. * Type of person who keeps asking others what is wrong with him or her and why they are so useless. * They have very low self-esteem and are simply too anxious about the outcome to be genuinely close to anyone else.

Question 36

Dependent personality disorder

Answer 36

is lacking in self-confidence, but takes the form of being unable to assume responsibility for him or herself. * Extremely sensitive to criticism. * Loved ones come to predominate in the person’s life, as he or she puts their needs first, largely for fear of losing them if this were not done.

Question 37

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Answer 37

compulsive personality disorder- extreme perfectionist, a person who is obsessed with order, rules, styles of behavior, habits, and so on. * Tends to be heavily invested in their work and to want everything about that work to be exactly, precisely just right. Inter personal relationships suffer; it is if there is no time for them in such a highly ordered life. * No feeling of extreme anxiety if the rituals are not followed.

Question 38

Major types of schizophrenia disorders

Answer 38

disorganized paranoid catatonic undifferentiated residual