Behavioral Psychology CH. 13

Question 1

Three stages of memory

Answer 1

• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

Putting the information in so that it is in a memorable form

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

storing it once it is there

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

being able to gain access to it (as rapidly as possible).

Question 5

Working memory

Answer 5

Holds items for just a few seconds. The range of working memory covers somewhere between 5 and 9 items.

Question 6

Iconic memory

Answer 6

Is a detailed image of something that lasts for just a few milliseconds, whether this is visual, auditory, or involving the other senses.

Question 7

Explicit memory

Answer 7

Is what happens when we try to remember something consciously.

Question 8

Implicit memory

Answer 8

The memory of skills.

Question 9

Eidetic imagery

Answer 9

If they are shown a picture or a page of writing, they can hold the entire visual representation in their heads and scan through it, reading off whatever they wish.

Question 10

Long-term memory

Answer 10

runs from a few minutes to the whole of one’s life. The primary means of encoding relies on meaning or specific aspects of what is remembered.

Question 11

Interference

Answer 11

the major reason for retrieval from long-term memory not working well.

Question 12

Flashbulb memories

Answer 12

are extraordinarily clear memories that surround the circumstances of a highly significant event.

Question 13

Chunking

Answer 13

using material that one knows well, in other words, material that is well embedded in long-term memory and using ‘chunks’ of this to help expand day-to-day working memory.

Question 14

Constructive memory

Answer 14

we form active constructions around it, using our general knowledge, sterotypes that we might hold and various schemas about the world that already exist for us. Although this type of construction might distort the material somewhat, it also ensures that it is remembered.

Question 15

Thinking

Answer 15

the representation of information in the mind.

Question 16

Problem-solving or reasoning

Answer 16

something that we do when we use past experience to solve a current problem or to reach a particular goal.

Question 17

Functional fixedness

Answer 17

this occurs when we are stuck with only one-way of looking at something.

Question 18

Deductive reasoning

Answer 18

This goes from the general to the particular.

is the type most often used by detectives when solving crimes; it is based on contingencies. If one thing happens, then it follows that something else is likely to happen and yet another something else is not.

Question 19

Inductive reasoning

Answer 19

this goes from the particular to the general. We build up inductive reasoning through observation of examples, a process that, like science, is unending. Inductions are never-ending because it is not possible to know all of the instances of something.

Question 20

Creativity

Answer 20

involves apparently making something out of nothing.

Question 21

Four steps of creativity

Answer 21

preparation, incubation, illumination and verification.

Question 22

Creative Preparation

Answer 22

this involves the setting of the scene, the identification of the problem and the gathering of information that might be relevant to it.

Question 23

Creative Incubation

Answer 23

this is, perhaps, the most unusual part of creative activity because it involves apparently doing nothing. It is as if no conscious effort is being put into the problem. The problem is ignored and the person does other things or, perhaps, just does very little.

Question 24

Creative Illumination

Answer 24

this is the moment at which there comes a sudden creative idea. It usually involves a sudden recasting of the problem in a new way that leads to a solution.

Question 25

Creative Verification

Answer 25

involves the evaluation, checking, testing and possible revision of the ideas produced at the moment of illumination.

Question 26

Characteristics shared by creative people

Answer 26

• A strong independence of thought and action.
• A keen sense of humor.
• A strong interest in the nobel and the complex rather than the familiar and the simple.
• An ability to tolerate ambiguity, that is, not minding shades of grey.
• Self-confidence
• A disregard for the conventional.
• Perseverance. This is the most significant of all, something without which creativity is very unlikely to occur.

Question 27

Ways to improve creativity

Answer 27

• Concentrate on a n area that you really like and enjoy- don’t choose to try to improve creativity in an area that bores you or makes you restless.
• Follow your own path. Naturally, it might be useful to listen to advice and feedback, but evaluate these in your own terms and make your own decisions about the way to go.
• Be self-critical but, nevertheless, hold to a strong belief in what you are doing. Do not be put off by what others say if they regard it as less than worthwhile.
• Choose the appropriate problem and define it carefully.
• Use every type of thinking that you can to feed into your creativity.
• Get help from those around you by choosing people who are likely to be encouraging and supportive of your attempts.
• Make yourself an expert in the field, that is, gain as much knowledge as you can and then try to go outside it or beyond it or to stretch it.
• Be committed. That is, persevere; keep at it.