BEHAVIORAL CONTROL Flashcards
refers to the manipulation of pests’ behavior through various tactics to reduce their population or mitigate their impact on agricultural and urban environments.
Behavioral control
involves the use of natural and/or artificial signals. such as pheromones, kairomones, sounds and vibrations. to interfere with fundamental behaviors. such as feeding and mating. These techniques fit well with the concept of a multidisciplinary approach and allow a strong and synergic interaction between apparently distant disciplines such as biology, ecology, mechanics, chemistry and informatics.
Behavioral manipulation
refers to the disturbance of the normal mating behavior of male insect so that they cannot find female ones by dispensing a large of amount of sex pheromone within a crop.
Behavioral control
This involves the use of natural and/or artificial signals, such as pheromones, kairomones, sounds and vibrations, to interfere with fundamental behaviors, such as feeding and mating.
Behavioral control
all about influencing a pest’s actions to minimize its impact. It’s not about killing the pest, but rather manipulating its behavior to reduce its damage.
Behavioral control, (Valerio Mazzoni and Gianfranco Anfora 2021)
represent innovative and sustainable solutions for insect pest management in agriculture and ecosystem protection.
Behavioral manipulation approaches
focuses on managing pest populations by alternating their behavior, rather than relying solely on pesticides. The key principles of behavioral pest control include:
Behavioral pest control
____tactics involve utilizing visual cues to influence pest behavior. This may include the use of visual traps or repellents designed to deter pests from specific areas. For example, colored sticky traps are commonly used to attract and capture insects such as aphids or whiteflies.
Vision-based
____tactics exploit sound to manipulate pest behavior. This can include the use of ultrasonic or high-frequency sound devices to repel pests like rodents or birds from agricultural fields or urban areas.
Auditory-Based
_____ tactics leverage the sense of smell of pests to alter their behavior. This may involve the use of repellents or attractants derived from natural or synthetic compounds that disrupt pests’ ability to locate food sources or mates.
Olfaction-Based
Behavioral Control Strategies in Pest Management
vision based
auditory based
olfaction based
food based strategies
Behavior Modifiers
Mating Disruption
Genetic Manipulations
Types of Pheromones
tactics involve manipulating pests’ feeding behaviors. This can include the use of bait stations or pheromone lures to attract pests to specific locations where they can be controlled or monitored.
Food-Based Strategies
are substances that alter pests’ behavior without directly causing harm. These can include growth regulators or pheromone analogs that disrupt pests’ mating or feeding behaviors, ultimately reducing their population growth.
Behavior Modifiers
involve the use of synthetic sex pheromones to interfere with pests’ ability to locate mates. By saturating the environment with synthetic pheromones. mating patterns can be disrupted, leading to reduced reproductive success and population decline.
Mating Disruption
utilize biotechnological methods to modify pests’ genetic makeup. This may involve techniques such as genetic sterilization or the introduction of genes that render pests susceptible to specific control measures.
Genetic Manipulations
are the chemicals released by an organism into its environment enabling it to communicate with other members of its own species.
Pheromones
Greek origin in which _____ “to carry or transfer” and____ “to stimulate
phero
hormone
Pheromones are introduced by ?
Peter Karlson and Martin Luscher in 1959.
pheromones can be classified in to 2 groups
PRIMER PHEROMONES
RELEASER PHEROMONES
Trigger a chain of physiological changes in the recipient without immediate change in the behavior. They act through gustatory (taste) sensilla. (e.g.. touch, smell, taste, heat, cold);
PRIMER PHEROMONES
It induce immediate and reversible behavioral changes in the recipient. Act through olfactory (smell) sensilla and act on the central nervous system and modify their behavior.
RELEASER PHEROMONES
It’s function in defense against predators, mate selection, and overcoming host resistance by mass attack.
Aggregation Pheromones
Some species release a volatile substance when attacked by a predator that can trigger flight or aggregation.
Alarm Pheromones
are pheromones the cause an alteration in the behavior of the recipient.
Releaser Pheromones
cause short-term changes, such as the neurotransmitter release that activates a response.
Signal Pheromones
trigger a change of development events it is differ from all the other pheromones, which trigger a change in behaviour.
Primer Pheromones
different from territory pheromones, these pheromones are used in a variety of ways, including mate attraction, nestmate recognition, and aggregation.
Epideictic Pheromones
mark the boundaries of an organism’s territory. The perimeter of the claimed territory.
Territorial Pheromones
are used by social insects to lay down an odour (volatile hydro carbons) trail which other members of the species can follow to guide them from the nest to a food source and back again.
Trail Pheromones
Techniques in Behavioral Control
Attract and Kill System
Mating Disruption
Push and Pull Strategy
Attractive Lures and Toxic Lures
Monitoring with Attractant
Mass trapping
Types of Pheromones
Aggregation Pheromones
Alarm Pheromones
Releaser Pheromones
Signal Pheromones
Primer Pheromones
Epideictic Pheromones
Territorial Pheromones
Trail Pheromones
It is characterized by the inclusion of insecticides in addition to the pheromone to achieve the same control methods as mating disruption.
Attract and Kill System
Consist of distributing a large amount of synthetic sex pheromones in the field, aiming to prevent the male to find a female, disrupting mating. Therefore, new pest generations do not occur on treated area
Mating Disruption
Insect control methods exploiting natural chemical messenger, collectively semiochemicals, are becoming increasingly familiar. Also called stimulo-deterrent diversion involves “pushing” the insects away from the harvestable, economic crops, and “pull” onto a trap crop where their population is reduced by biological control agent specific but slow-acting insecticides.
Push and Pull Strategy
Another aspect of behavioral control is used of secondary plant substances, they play an important role in the feeding of monophagous or oligophagous insects. These substances are used in insect behavioral and biology studies, such as attraction/repellence, feeding and oviposition deterrence.
Attractive Lures and Toxic Lures
Food attractant can also be used for monitoring pest, In horticulture, this technique is widely used to monitor fruit flies. In this case, food baits are used in traps to attract insects and pest.
Monitoring with Attractant
The purpose is to reduce of individuals of the next generation removing only males of both insects sexes of the area. ___ when is not enough by itself to control pest population, can be used in combination with other methods of pest control within the philosophy of integrated pest management.
Mass Trapping
Advantage Behavioral C.
Environmentally Friendly:
Reduced Resistance:
Disadvantage Behavioral C.
Complexity:
Limited Efficacy:
Costly:
