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P/S Flaschards > Behavior > Flashcards

Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

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2
Q

What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

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3
Q

Low levels of serotonin are associated with…

A

Depression

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4
Q

Acetylcholine is involved in…

A

Muscle contraction

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5
Q

Low levels of dopamine are associated with…

A

Parkinson’s disease

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6
Q

High levels of dopamine are associated with…

A

Schizophrenia

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7
Q

Endorphins block…

A

Pain sensations

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8
Q

What are three ways lesion studies can be performed?

A

Tissue removal, radiofrequency lesions, neurochemical lesions (most precise)

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9
Q

CAT (CT) Scan

A

Gives information about structure, uses x-rays

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10
Q

MRI

A

Gives information about structure, uses radio waves which are exposed to a magnetic field

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11
Q

EEG

A

Gives information about function, noninvasive, shows total activity (can’t give information about activity of a specific set of neurons)

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12
Q

MEG

A

Gives information about function, higher resolution than EEG, records magnetic fields produced by electric currents in brain

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13
Q

fMRI

A

Gives information about structure and function, records amounts of oxygenated vs. deoxygenated blood in the brain

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14
Q

PET

A

Gives information about function (but combined with CT or MRI for structural info). Inject brain with glucose (more active parts of brain use more glucose)

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15
Q

5 schools of thought for motivation

A
  1. Evolutionary 2. Drive-Reduction theory 3. Cognitive 4. Optimal Arousal theory 5. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
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16
Q

Drive-Reduction Theory

A

Drives are states of arousal resulting from a physiological or psychological need. Humans are motivated to satisfy these drives. Based on negative reinforcement

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17
Q

Optimal arousal theory

A

People are driven by a desire to reach full arousal/awareness

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18
Q

Id

A

Instinctual desires, driven by the pleasure principle, part of unconscious mind

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19
Q

Ego

A

Driven by the reality principle, seeks to fulfill the id’s desires using reason, part of conscious and unconscious mind

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20
Q

Superego

A

Driven by morality/conscious, reflects cultural ideals, part of conscious and unconscious mind

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21
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

A

The following needs must be met in order: 1. Physiological: food, water, sleep 2. Safety: employment, property, resources 3. Love: sense of belonging/acceptance 4. Self esteem 5. Self actualization: reaching maximum potential

22
Q

Incentive Theory

A

People are motivated to receive rewards. Based on positive reinforcement.

23
Q

What are the phases of the sex response cycle?

A
  1. Excitement phase: physiological arousal 2. Plateau 3. Orgasm 4. Refractory period
24
Q

ABC Model of attitude

A
  1. Affective: our emotions towards a stimulus 2. Behavioral: the way we act towards a stimulus 3. Cognitive: what we believe about a stimulus Each of these shapes our attitude toward that stimulus
25
Q

What four theories describe how our attitudes influence behavior?

A
  1. Theory of planned behavior 2. Attitude to behavior process model 3. Prototype willingness model 4. Elaboration likelihood model for persuasion
26
Q

Theory of planned behavior

A

People consider their intentions and implications of their behavior before deciding how to respond Intentions are based on:

  1. attitudes toward a behavior
  2. subjective norms: what others think about the behavior
  3. Perceived behavioral control: how easy we think it is to control the behavior
27
Q

Attitude to behavior process model

A

Attitudes, triggered by an event, determine behavior in response to that event

28
Q

Prototype Willingness Model

A

Behavior is a function of 6 things:

  1. Attitude
  2. Intentions
  3. Past behaviors
  4. Prototypes/models
  5. Subjective norms
  6. Willingness to engage in behavior
29
Q

Elaboration likelihood model for persuasion (ELM)

A

The likelihood of an individual to be persuaded depends on the central route of persuasion (the argument itself) and the peripheral route of persuasion (such as the attractiveness of the persuader)

30
Q

Foot in the door phenomenon

A

People are more likely to agree to something if you first offer them smaller things to agree to

31
Q

Door in the face phenomenon

A

Offering someone something big to agree to, and when they say no, getting them to agree to something smaller

32
Q

Effort justification

A

People attribute greater value to something that they put a lot of effort into

33
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

People experience cognitive dissonance when their cognitions, behaviors, or attitudes are contradictory

People seek to create harmony between these contradictions by:

  1. Modifying cognitions
  2. Trivializing: making cognitions seem less important
  3. Adding: more cognitions
  4. Denying
34
Q

Attribution

A

The process of inferring the causes of behaviors

Can be internal or external

35
Q
A
36
Q

Three parts of external attributions?

A
  1. Consistency: does the person usually act the same
  2. Distinctiveness: does the person act different in different situations
  3. Consensus: do other people act this way
37
Q

Humanistic theory of personality (Maslow and Rogers)

A

Humans are inherently good and driven by a desire to reach self-actualization

38
Q

Big five personality traits

A

Openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism

39
Q

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory (obserrvational learning)

A

Behavior results from interactions between an individual and his/her environment

Consists of four stages: 1. attention, 2. memory 3. imitation 4. motivation

Bandura used the Bobo doll experiment to show that children learn not just through reward/punishment, but by watching others get rewarded/punished

40
Q

What are the four categories of defense mechanisms?

A

Pathological, neurotic, immature, mature

41
Q

Denial is a type of __ defense mechanism

A

pathological

42
Q

Projection and passive aggression are types of ___ defense mechanisms

A

Immature

43
Q

What are some types of neurotic defense mechanisms?

A

Intellectualization: seperating facts from emotion

Rationalization

Regression: acting like a baby

Repression

Reaction formation: person does the opposite of their unconscious feelings

Displacement

44
Q

3 main characteristics impacting whether we are persuaded for or against a message:

A

1. Message characteristics: content of the argument

2. Source characteristics: characteristics of the environment or the speaker

3. Target characteristics: characteristics of the listener (mood, slef esteem, etc)

45
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

A

We evaluate information along two possible paths: the central and peripheral routes

The central route is chosen by those knowledgable/with high motivation about the topic. It involves evaluating the content of the argument and results in lasting change.

The peripheral route is chosen by those with lower motivation. It involves evaluating superficial characteristics and ruselts in temporary change.

46
Q

Ego depletion

A

Self control is a limited resource. If you engage in a task requiring a high degree of self control, it may be more difficult to exhibit self control in another area.

47
Q

What brain areas may be altered in those showing higher levels of aggression?

A

Amygdala and frontal cortex

48
Q

Kin selection

A

Tendency to help those who are more closely related to us

49
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

Tendency to help people if they have helped you before

50
Q

Empathy Altruism Hypothesis

A

Altruistic behavior are due to empathy

P/S Flaschards (14 decks)

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