BEHAV SCIENCE Flashcards
Equations for sensitivity
TP / TP + FN
1 - false negative rate
Equations for specificity
TN / TN + FP
1-false positie rate
Equation for PPV
TP/TP + FP
Remember that if there is a high prevalence – > high PPV
Equation for NPV
TN/TN + FN
Remember that if there is a high prevalence – > low NPV
Equation for odds ratio
(a/c) / (b/d) or ad/bc
Used in case-control studies
Odds that the group with the disease was exposed to a risk factor (a/c) divided by the odds that the group without the disease (controls) was exposed
Equation for relative risk
a/(a+b) / c/(c+d)
Used in cohort studies
Risk of developing disease in exposed group divided by risk in unexposed group
Equation for attributable risk
a/(a+b) - c/(c+d)
Equation for # needed to treat
1/ARR
Absolute risk reduction equation
Absolute reduction in risk associated with tx as compared to a control (e.g. 8% of people who receive a placebo vaccine develop flu vs. 2% who receive a flu vaccine, then ARR = 8-2=6%
Equation for # needed to harm
1/attributable risk
Equation for incidence
of new cases in specified time period/population at risk during same time period
Equation for prevalence
# of existing cases/population at risk prevalence = incidence rate x average disease duration
Define Berkson’s bias
Studies performed on patients that have been hospitalized – type of selection bias.
This would make the patients more likely to have comorbidities.
Define procedural bias
Subjects in different groups are not treated the same -e.g., more attention is paid to treatment group, stimulating greater adherence.
Rank the values of mean, median, and mode in a positively skewed distribution.
Mean > median > mode
Longer tail on right
Rank the values of mean, median, and mode in a negatively skewed distribution.
Mean < median < mode
Define type I error
There is an effect or difference when none exists –also known as a false +
Define type II error
There is not an effect or difference when one exists –false negative error
3 ways to increase power (1-B)
Increase sample size
Increase expected effect size
Increase precision of measurement
Equation for confidence interval
mean +/- Z (SEM)
Z values for 90%, 95,%, and 99% CI
90: 1.65
95: 1.96
99: 2.57
Equation for SEM
SEM = SD / sq root of sample size
When is it important for a patient with a tetanus prone wound to receive a tetanus vaccine?
If the pt had or =3 doses, should receive vaccine if:
its been >10 years since and the wound is minor
its been >5 years since and the wound is high risk (if it has dirt or poop in it)
Which adult populations should receive a pneumonia vaccine? There’s 11.
> or = 65 y.o COPD, asthma Long-term care facilities Smokers Residents CVD HIV DM Liver disease Asplenia CSF leaks
Top 3 causes of death in infants
- Congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalities
- Short gestation
- SIDS
Top 3 causes of death in 1-4 y.o.
- Accidents
- Congenital malformation and chromosomal abnormalities
- Homicide
Top 3 causes of death in 5-14 y.o.
- Accidents
- Malignant neoplasms
- Congenital malformations
Top 3 causes of death in 15-24 y.o.
- Accidents
- Homicide
- Suicide
Top 3 causes of death in 25-44 y.o.
- Accidents
- Cancer
- Heart disease
Top 3 causes of death in 45-64 y.o.
- Cancer
- Heart disease
- Accidents
Top 4 causes of death in >65 y.o.
- Heart disease
- Cancer
- Chronic pulm dz
- Cerebrovasc dz
Current indications on herpes zoster
1 dose after 60 y.o. even if they already had shingles
At minimum, what 4 meds should a patient with prior MI due to atherosclerosis be taking?
Aspirin
B-blocker
ACE-inhib
Statin
Target HgbA1C for every diabetic pt
<7.0
4 changes in sleep patterns seen in the elderly
Decreased REM
Decreased slow wave sleep
Increased sleep latency
Increased nighttime wakening
Question asked during phase I of drug development
Is it safe?
Questions asked during phase II of drug development?
Does it work?
Is it efficaceous?
Questions asked during phase III of drug development
Does it work better?
Questions asked during phase IV of drug development?
Post-market surveillance
Gross motor, verbal, and fine motor features observed at 3 mos of age
Motor: rolls over
Verbal: laughs, squeals
Fine motor: hands together
Stranger anxiety arises around what age?
6-12 months
Gross motor, verbal, fine motor, and self care features observed at 6 mos of age
Motor: sits alone
Verbal: single syllable
Fine motor: pass cube
Self care: self-feeding
Gross motor, verbal, fine motor, and self-care observed at 12 months of age
Gross motor: stand
Verbal: 1-3 words
Fine motor: cube in cup
Self care: drinks from cup
Gross motor, verbal, fine motor, and self-care skills observed at the age of 15 mos.
Motor: walk backward, run
Verbal: 6 words
Fine motor: 2 cube tower
Self-care: fork, spoon use
Gross motor, verbal, fine motor, and self-care observed at 18 mos of age
Motor: climb stairs
Verbal: combine words
Fine motor: 4 cube tower
Self care: brush teeth
Gross motor, verbal, fine motor, and self-care observed at 2 years of age
Motor: jump up
Verbal: half understandable
Fine motor: 6 cube tower
Self-care: washes/dries hands
Gross motor, verbal, fine motor, and self-care observed at 3 years of age
Motor: jump forward
Verbal: completely understandable
Fine motor: draw circle
Self care: eat cereal, dress
Gross motor, fine motor, and self-care observed at 4 years of age
Motor: hop on 1 foot
Fine motor: copy cross, stick figure
Self care: button shirt
Gross motor, verbal, fine motor, and self-care observed at 5 years of age
Motor: Count to 5
Verbal: ID colors
Fine motor: copies square
Self-care: tie shoes
