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ASC 370 > beef production lec 9 and 10 > Flashcards

beef production lec 9 and 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what animals are most at risk of internal parasites and why

A
  • 6-12mths of critical for CMW

* older cows built resistant

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2
Q

what is the potential gain of drenching

A

 potential gain of $120 to drench

• need to gain 8.2kg to break even

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3
Q

when should cattle be first drenched

A

 drench at weaning

• and move to new worm free pasture- increase weight gain by 30-60 kg

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of stomach worms and what do they cause

A 
•	stomach worm (ostetargo)
o	cause scouring and weight loss
o	Type I 
	typical winter /spring problem 
	◦Poor growth rates + scouring in most young animals 
o	Type II 
	Larvae inhibit (lay dormant in intestines) from mid-August on 
	Resume around autumn break 
	Severe weight loss in few animals
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5
Q

what are the 2 main internal parasites

A

stomach worms and liver fluke

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6
Q

which animals are most at risk of liver fluke

A

more coastal regions in summer
- increased grazing pressure, eating lower to ground

o Younger cattle <3yrs most at risk

important to test for- makesure present and not resistant to current practises

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7
Q

what are the 2 main external parasites

A 
	Lice 
•	Rarely economic to treat 
•	Maybe in severe stress environments 
	Cattle Tick 
•	Spread disease, tick fever. 
•	Restricted to Nth Aust, treated by dips,vaccine
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8
Q

which animals most at risk of internal parasites

A 
	at risk	
•	Age 
o	Under 20mths 
•	Under stress 
o	Nutrition (drought) 
o	Lactating, esp 1st calf heifers 
•	Bulls 
o	drench <3 months to joining
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9
Q

how are internal parasites managed

A 
	management
•	long rest of paddocks
o	conserve for forage
o	short rotation 
•	grazing
o	above ground level (less access to worms)
o	use species mix 
•
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10
Q

what are the 5 clostridial diseases controlled by 5 in 1

A 
o	anaerobic bacteria
o	5 in 1 vaccine prevents 
	Black Leg 
	Black disease 
	Tetanus 
	Enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) 
	Malignant oedema
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11
Q

what is botulism

A

o clostridial disease
 more in north
 not covered in 5 in 1, developing vaccine

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12
Q

what are 3 repro associated diseases

A

pestivirus, leptospirosis, vbrosis

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13
Q

what is leptospirosis

A

o leptospirosis
 causes abortion and sickness
 zoonotic
 covered in 7 in 1

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14
Q

what is vibrosis

A 
o	vibrosis
	campylobacter bacteria 
	causes infertility 
	46% of beef herds with fertility problems 
	bulls remain infected
•	treat by vibrio vaccinating bulls
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15
Q

what is pestivirus and how is it managed

A 
	Pestivirus 
o	causes
	repro loss, abortion, deformed calves
•	subsequent calves persistently infected can use to develop resistance in herd
	 ill thrift
	respiratory diseases
	supresses immunity  
o	management
	test, identify carriers to sell
	vaccinate 80 % effective
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16
Q

what are 2 common nutritional/metabolic conditions

A

bloat, grass tetany

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17
Q

what is bloat and how is it managed

A 
o	bloat
	cause
•	grass and frothy bloat
•	associated with lush legumes, 
•	gas build up
	management 
•	treat orally, prevention better 
o	ensures up to date 
•	in on new paddock, make sure already have full belly so don’t gorge
o	transition feeding 
•	mixed pasture best 
•	identify ‘risky’ pastures
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18
Q

what is grass tetany and how is it managed

A 
o	grass tetany
	cause
•	low blood Mg
o	pasture with high K
	interferes with Mg absorption 
	from fertiliser
	management 
•	feed high in Mg
o	clovers
•	Mg supplement prevention 
o	causemag
•	autumn calving herds
o	provide cows (4 yrs +) with clover/legumes dominated
	provide mixed pastures
o	provide salt + MG sup+hay
o	switch calving time
19
Q

what is pinkeye and how can it be managed

A 
	Pink eye 
o	cause
	associated with dust and flies, long grass and bacteria 
	young calves weaned high risk 
•	dust and low immune system 
o	management 
	vaccine or treat with ointment 
•	only affective if treating right bacteria  
	sprinklers in yards 
	good nutrition
20
Q

what is BRD and what are its signs

A 
	bovine respiratory diseases (BRD)
o	cause
	more in feedlots 
	multi-causal	
•	stressors, compromised immunity, viruses, bacteria
•	secondary thing to supressed immunity 
o	signs
	mild cases
•	discharge from nose and eyes
•	fever, coughing, weight loss
	severe cases
•	fatal pneumonia 
•	off feed, reluctant to move, difficulty breathing
21
Q

how can diseases be managed

A

drenching and vaccination

22
Q

what can drench be used to control

A

stomach worms, live fluke

23
Q

how can a vaccination program be used

A 
o	vaccination program
	5 in 1 ($.50 a dose), 7 in 1 ($1.20 a dose)
	2 doses at 6-8 weeks and at weaning 
	vibrio
	pestivirus
	breeding cows
•	before calving 
	bulls
•	annual vibrio booster
	young cattle
•	steers, 5 in 1 booster at start of joining
24
Q

what are 5 things to consider when managing during a drought

A 
o	plan for each stage
o	Pasture types that are drought resistant 
o	Water supply 
o	Financial reserves 
o	Off farm investments 
o	Government financial assistance 
o	Farm design 	
o	Critical survival weight 
o	Nutritional requirements 
o	Alternative sources of feed and chemical residues
25
Q

how can a dry period be prepared for

A 
-	preparing for dry periods
o	fodder conservation 
	utilise spring flush 
o	Early drought action plan 
	conserve, sell stock 
o	Plan your economic survival! 
	when in peak debt, have loan reserve so can still borrow 
o	Consider past events 
	crop, replace stock sheep to cows
26
Q

what are 6 things to actions for a drought

A 
o	ID main decisions 
	Eg. Opportunities such as – leasing land, replacing stock with more hardy animals(goats), changing breeds. 
o	Act quickly to reduce risk 
	I.e. sell cull stock in good condition while the market is still strong 
	sell early 
•	reduce SR to conserve pasture 
o	Assess your position 
	Stock, finance, feed 
o	Make sound livestock decisions 
	+ve cash flow 
	make sure all drenched and vaccinated
o	Keep you options open 
	ability to sell
o	Stay productive: best done by reducing grazing numbers 
	Sale 
	Agistment 
	Culling 
	Lot feeding
27
Q

what is the drought impact on animals

A 
-	drought effect on animals
o	CS –CMW
	 fertility of cows and subsequent income 
o	Early weaning 
o	early sale of fat cattle 
o	Cull non-productive cows (preg test).
28
Q

what is drought impact on pasture/soil

A 
-	drought effect on soil
o	Pastures/Soil 
o	Consider erosion control 
o	Resting paddocks 
o	Maintain fertility + pasture composition
29
Q

what is the option of confinement feeding

A

o Confinement feeding
 create mini feedlot
 allows rest of property to be rested
 only have to resew one paddock

30
Q

what actions should be undertaken during early drought

A

o Selective and progressive reduction of stock
 worst first, pregnant animals, aged cows and steers, finally sell breeding cow herd
o Purchase feed early – before prices rise.
 need plenty of dry feed and protein
o lot feeding
 some income
o agistment and leasing
 potential costs, distance to travel, disease etc
o sell all stock
 loose production but avoid maintenance costs
o CANNOT DO NOTHING

31
Q

what actions should be undertaken during a full drought

A

o critical min weight- when cattle cannot afford to lose any more weight
o supplements are insufficient to maintain weight
o Review your program
 Feed budget
 Resources required (finance, labour equipment)
 Monthly costing

32
Q

what is a critical minimum weight what is the problem with reaching C min W

A

 critical min weight
 body reserves nearly depleted
• have to feed lots before change
• better off maintain BCS 2

  • british breeds med maturity
  • Weaners - 150 kg
  • Yearlings – 225kg
  • Adult dry stock – 300kg
  • breeders – 350kg
33
Q

how can animals be prepared for full hand feeding

A 
•	drench, vaccinate
•	parasites, deficiencies 
•	low stress
•	e.g. dehorn early
•	potentially delay joining 
•	better off selling
•	preg test
•	monitor 
•	calves
•	maintain growth of .2kg/day 
	prevents future repro and growth problems 
•	troughs
•	feed/ water 
•	sufficient space 
•	transition feeds
34
Q

what is transition feeding and how is it done

A 
•	transition feeds
•	increase by .5kg/day 
•	start high hay low grain
	decrease hay increase grain over time
•	ideally feed daily
35
Q

what is the advantage of feeding grains

A 
•	grains
	low in Ca
•	add limestone 
	higher risk of acidosis 
	most economical 
- high energy
36
Q

what is the advantage of molasses

A 
•	molasses
	carrier for minerals andproteins
	high in energy
•	70% ME of grains
	feed with fiber
37
Q

when would a protein meal be used

A

• Protein meals
 Special case feeding e.g. young stock
 Too expensive to feed in large quantities

38
Q

what is a prepared ration

A

• Prepared feed
 Cattle nuts
 ME slightly lower than grain
 Convenient but expensive

39
Q

what is the nutritional value of hay

A

• Hay
 Lucerne / good quality cereal hay are adequate
 3kg = 2kg grain
 Can be too fibrous and limit energy intake

40
Q

what is the advantage of silage

A 
•	Silage 
	Good for self feeder 
	Lucerne and clover Silage have higher CP 
	Most have comparable ME (DM basis) 
	DM varies from 15-50%
41
Q

when is the nutritonal content of scrub

A

• Scrub
 Similar nutritive value to poor quality hay
 Adequate protein and ME
 Deficient in P and S
 Best for dry stock
 Spray with molasses to make attractive?

42
Q

what is the potential problem when feeding by products

A

• By-products
 Eg. Cotton trash, cotton seed hulls
 Low in ME and CP
 Provide some assistance to growth or roughage in a feedlot
• Beware Chemical residues
 Other by-products
 Apple pulp, citrus pulp, plenty of others

43
Q

what is creep feeding and when is it used

A 
	supplementing the diet of young livestock, by offering feed to animals who are still nursing
	want to wean 90 days at 90kg
	feed for growth
•	requires high protein (expensive)
	over 5 months
•	add protein 
	2-5 months
•	calf pellets balanced
	under 2 months
•	wean only if cow at risk 
•	need milk replacers
44
Q

what are the DPI’s recommendations for drought management

A
  • Reminders – DPI NSW
    o decide early review them regularly.
    o Paddocks with poor water grazed first.
    o routine procedures for maintaining animal health, particularly drenching against worms.
    o Wean calves – feeding cows with calves is expensive.
    o Consider changing from hay to grain – cost hay against grain.
    o Pregnancy test
    o Condition score your stock.
    o Mouth older stock.
    o Assess the structural soundness
    o Cull stock

ASC 370 (21 decks)

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