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DNA and Proteins > BB 1 - Chromosomes > Flashcards

BB 1 - Chromosomes Flashcards

1.1 - Chromosomes and DNA Replication

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Large molecules necessary for life.

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2
Q

How many types of macromolecules are there?

A

Four

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3
Q

What are names of the types of macromolecules?

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Lipids

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4
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Organic compounds found in cells and organisms. They are also polymers.

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5
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Nucleotides

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6
Q

How many types of nucleic acids are there?

A

Two

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7
Q

What are the names of the types of nucleic acids?

A 
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
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8
Q

What do nucleotides make?

A

DNA and RNA molecules

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9
Q

What components does each nucleotide contain?

A

Sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose)
Phosphate
Nitrogenous Base

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10
Q

How does a sugar-phosphate backbone form?

A

The sugar of one nucleotide joins to the phosphate of the next nucleotide.

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11
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

Single-stranded helix

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12
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double stranded helix

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13
Q

What are the names of the bases in RNA?

A

Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Uracil

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14
Q

What are the names of the bases in DNA?

A

Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine

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15
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

A

Ribose

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16
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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17
Q

How do the two strands bind together in DNA?

A

Complementary base pairing
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Guanine pairs with Cytosine

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18
Q

How are the complementary bases in DNA held together?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

How many bonds does Adenine and Thymine form in DNA?

A

Two

20
Q

How many bonds does Guanine and Cytosine form in DNA?

A

Three

21
Q

How does the double helix in DNA twist?

A

Unbalanced forces due to the number of hydrogen bonds formed between Adenine and Thymine which there are two, and Guanine and Cytosine which there are three.

22
Q

What are the family names

A

Purine and Pyrimidine

23
Q

What is the name of the nitrogen base family for Thymine and Cytosine in DNA?

A

Pyrimidine

24
Q

What is the name of the nitrogen base family for Adenine and Guanine in DNA?

A

Purine

25
Q

Where is DNA located in the cell?

A

In the nucleus

26
Q

Where is RNA located in the cell?

A

In the nucleus and cytoplasm

27
Q

What is the name of a molecule of DNA?

A

A chromosome

28
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Genes

29
Q

What are genes?

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a polypeptide chain, protein, or RNA molecule.

30
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A type of cell which does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

31
Q

What is an example of prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and blue-green algae

32
Q

What is the size of prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes?

A

Small

33
Q

What cell division process do prokaryotes undergo?

A

Binary fission

34
Q

What is in the cell wall of prokaryotes?

A

Protein and complex sugar

35
Q

What membrane-bound organelles are in prokaryotes?

A

None

36
Q

How many chromosomes are in prokaryotes?

A

One, circular chromosome

37
Q

Where is the chromosome located in prokaryotic cells?

A

In the cytosol of the cell, attached to the membrane.

38
Q

What other small circular piece of DNA prokaryotes may contain?

A

A plasmid

39
Q

How are chromosomes organised in DNA?

A

Wrapping DNA molecules around histone proteins to create linear chromosomes.

40
Q

When are chromosomes visible as discrete units?

A

When they are condensed during cell division.

41
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Non-sex cells

42
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells

43
Q

Why is DNA important?

A

It is the chemical unit of most organisms
Stores and transmits information necessary for cellular processes
Can self-replicate

44
Q

What is the size of eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes?

A

Large

45
Q

What cell division process do eukaryotes undergo?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

46
Q

What is in the cell wall of eukaryotes?

A

Complex sugar (cellulose) in plants cell only

47
Q

What membrane-bound organelles are in eukaryotes?

A

Mitochondria
Golgi Body
Endoplasmic Reticulum

DNA and Proteins (7 decks)

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