Basics of Digestion, Absorption, and Transport

Question 1

Process of breaking down food for absorption

Answer 1

digestion

Question 2

two types of digestion

Answer 2

mechanical and chemical

Question 3

where and how does mechanical digestion take place

Answer 3

food is broken up by teeth (digested by physical means)

Question 4

how does chemical digestion work?

(processes and substances used)

Answer 4

enzymes and addition of water (hydrolysis) breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simpler compounds)

Question 5

products of carbohydrate digestion

Answer 5

fructose, galactose, and glucose
(monosaccharides)

Question 6

product of protein digestion

Answer 6

amino acids

Question 7

product of lipid digestion

Answer 7

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 8

where does digestion begin

Answer 8

mouth

Question 9

type of digestion in mouth

Answer 9

mechanical (teeth) and chemical (salivary amylase)

Question 10

product of digested food in the mouth

Answer 10

bolus

Question 11

how does the bolus move in the esophagus

Answer 11

by peristalsis and gravity

Question 12

sphincter at the end of esophagus

Answer 12

cardiac sphincter or lower esophageal sphincter

Question 13

how much food can stomach hold

Answer 13

4L

Question 14

what are the gastric secretions/juices

Answer 14

1. HCl
2. Mucus
3. Intrinsic Factor
4. Enzymes
5. Fluid

Question 15

How much gastric seccretions are produced each day

Answer 15

2000-2500 mL

Question 16

function of HCl in the stomach

Answer 16

• Digest protein by activating pepsinogen to pepsin
• prepares gastric area for enzyme action

Question 17

purpose of mucus in stomach

Answer 17

protection from very low pH

Question 18

what is intrinsic factor

(gastric secretion)

Answer 18

glycoprotein that aids in absorption of Vit. B12

Question 19

what is Vit. B12 for?

Answer 19

for metabolism of all cells

especially of GIT, bone marrow and nervous tissue

Question 20

what are the enzymes released in stomach

Answer 20

protease and gastric lipase

Question 21

what enzyme is present in infants to break down breastmilk

Answer 21

renin

Question 22

Sphincter at the end of stomach/before entering the small intestine

Answer 22

pyloric sphincter

Question 23

hormones released in small intestine and what secretion do they trigger

Answer 23

secretin: release of sodium bicarbonate from pancreas
cholecystokinin: release bile from gallbladder

Question 24

disease that causes the contents of the stomach to go up the esophagus

Answer 24

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Question 25

what do you call bolus after stomach digestion

Answer 25

chyme

Question 26

Purpose of sodium bicarbonate released in small intestine

Answer 26

neutralize acidity of chyme

Question 27

raw material for bile

Answer 27

cholesterol

Question 28

contents of pancreatic juice

Answer 28

pancreatic protease, amylase and lipase

Question 29

what do pancreatic proteases do | (also, what are the specific proteases)

Answer 29

trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase, split proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids

Question 30

how does the small intestine maximize its absorptive capacity

Answer 30

has villi which increases surface area of the small intestines

Question 31

approx. how long is the small intestine

Answer 31

22 ft long

Question 32

major site for absorption of nutrients

Answer 32

small intestine

Question 33

purpose of villi in small intestine

Answer 33

increase surface area for maximum absorption

Question 34

protective substance against low pH secreted in the large intestine

Answer 34

mucus

Question 35

major tasks of large intestines

Answer 35

1. absorb water 2. synthesize some B vitamins and Vitamin K 3. Collect food residue

Question 36

why do the colon walls secrete mucus

Answer 36

to protect against acidic digestive juices in chyme

Question 37

what is the arrangement of the different segments of the small intestine

Answer 37

1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum

Question 38

difference of rectum and anus

Answer 38

rectum: holds semisolid waste until defecation anus: sphincter to allow passage of waste

Question 39

last sphincter of the digestive system

Answer 39

anus

Question 40

main function of saliva

Answer 40

moisten food to form bolus

Question 41

protective function of saliva

Answer 41

due to presence of lysozyme and antibodies and allows food to be tasted

Question 42

functions of different types of teeth

Answer 42

incisors: biting canines: tearing molars: grinding/mashing

Question 43

other term for milk/baby teeth

Answer 43

deciduous teeth

Question 44

how many baby teeth do we have

Answer 44

20

Question 45

refers to chewed food at the time of swallowing

Answer 45

bolus

Question 46

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