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Scientific foundations Of neuropsychiatry > Basics Of Brain Development > Flashcards

Basics Of Brain Development Flashcards

1
Q

What CNS cells arise from the ectoderm?

A

Neurons
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes

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2
Q

What CNS cells arise from the mesoderm?

A

Microglia

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3
Q

When does the cortical plate begin to form?

A

Around 8 weeks post conception

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4
Q

What is the totipotence?

A

The potential of a cell to create a full being

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5
Q

At what stage do the germ layers arise?

A

Gastrulation

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6
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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7
Q

What is the fate of ectoderm?

A

Skin or CNS

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8
Q

When does the gastrulation stage take place?

A

E13 (3 weeks post conception)

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9
Q

Where is the Spemann organiser and what does it do?

A

In the mesoderm
Involved in induction - changes the fate of cells

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10
Q

What side of the ectoderm becomes skin?

A

Ventral

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11
Q

What side of the ectoderm becomes brain? (Think of an animal lying prone)

A

Dorsal

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12
Q

What morphogen induces ectoderm to become skin?

A

BMP-4

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13
Q

How does the Spemann organiser induce ectoderm to become the neural plate?

A

Releases morphogens (chordin, noggin) to dorsal ectoderm
These prevent binding to BMP-4
Ectoderm take the default path and become the neural plate

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14
Q

What is the role of sonic hedgehog?

A

Cells into the brain areas according to gradient
(Telencephalon to hindbrain)

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15
Q

What condition occurs from a homozygous mutation in Sonic hedgehog?

A

Holoprosencephaly (Cyclopia)

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16
Q

What brain areas are microglia involved in the formation of?

A

Cerebellum
Corpus callosum

17
Q

When do microglia move into the brain?

A

4 post conceptional weeks

Move from the yolk sac into the brain through the blood supply

18
Q

What is the role of CSF1R?

A

Signals the microglia to move into the brain

Without this: cerebellar and callosal agenesis

19
Q

What are the three subdivisions that form from the neural tube?

A

Forebrain - prosencephalon
Midbrain - mesencephalon
Hindbrain - rhombencephalon

20
Q

What does the forebrain a
Divide into?

A

Telencephalon - cortex
Diencephalon - subcortical structures (basal ganglia, thalamus)

21
Q

What does the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) divide into?

A

Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla

22
Q

What conditions arise from the neuropores at the neural tube not closing?

A

Anencephaly - rostral pore
Spina bifida - caudal pore

23
Q

How can neural tube defects be prevented?

A

Folic acid supplements

24
Q

When does the neural tube close?

A

Between 21 and 28 days

25
Q

What does the notch pathway do?

A

Inhibits proneural genes in a subset of progenitor cells
Progenitor cells become glial cells instead of neurons

26
Q

Where do excitatory neurons arise from?

A

Ventricular zone
Migrate towards the cortical (pial) surface

27
Q

Where do inhibitory neurons arise from?

A

Ganglionic eminence
Migrate tangentially to pial surface

28
Q

What are the earliest born neurons in the cortex?

A

Layer 6
Deepest layer
Neurons arise from the deep to the surface

29
Q

What gene mutation causes schizencephaly?

A

EMX2
Disorder of proliferation and onset of migration

30
Q

What genetic mutation causes lissencephaly?

A

LIS1
DCX
Disorder of ongoing migration

31
Q

What genetic mutation causes lissencephaly type 2?

A

FCMD
Disorder of arrest of migration

32
Q

What does mutation in reelin affect?

A

Layering of cortex

33
Q

How does the number of dendritic spines/synapses differ in Alzheimer’s?

A

Numbers reduce in line with the time of onset

34
Q

How does the number of dendritic spines/synapses differ in Autism?

A

Formation is higher in childhood
Elimination is lower throughout life

35
Q

How does the number of dendritic spines/synapses differ in Schizophrenia?

A

Elimination is higher than in normal controls
Timing is in line with onset of disorder

36
Q

What are the facial features of feral alcohol syndrome?

A

Small eye openings
Smooth philtrum
Thin upper lip

Scientific foundations Of neuropsychiatry (26 decks)

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