basics Flashcards
rotary movement
movement of the whole bone
translatory movement
movement directly at joint surface (sliding in joint spaces)
reference for movements (axis and plane) (3)
- x axis= movement around sagittal plane
- y axis = movement around transverse plane
- z axis= movement around coronal plane
flexion/ extension
usually around X
abduction/ adduction
usually around Z
internal (medial) / external (lateral) rotation
usually Y
radial / ulnar deviation
radial deviation= towards radius
opposition/ reposition
opposition = thumb moving towards pinkie
horizontal ab/adduction
(shoulders) towards midline
amphiarthrodial joint (def and eg)
not fixed, but not free movement
eg- ribs
synarthrodial joint (def and eg)
2 bones meet, no appreciable movement
eg cranium
diarthrodial joint (3 types + def)
all have synovial capsule
- simple- 2 bones (eg MCP)
- compound- >2 bones (eg elbow)
- complex- simple or compound; had meniscus
joint degrees of freedom
(3 deg and eg)
- uniaxial- eg hinge: elbow, PIP
- biaxial- eg- condyloid: wrist, CMC
- triaxial- eg ball and socked
arthrokinematic laws (2)
- convex on concave: (eg glenohumeral) rotary and translatory movements in opposite directions
- concave on convex: (eg MCP) rotary and translatory in same direction
joint position (2)
- closed packed- generally fully extended. joint surfaces in most contact, more painful
- open packed- all other positions
PROM
(2 def and eg)
- passive range of motion
2. eg- pushing on joint
AROM (2 def and eg)
- active range of motion
2. with no help/ what patient can actively do alone
AAROM (2 def and eg)
- assisted active range of motion
2. some patient, some therapist
resisted ROM
against theraband, weight, therapist
normal ROM variability (3)
- age
- sex
- occupation/activity level
required supporting joint capsule (6)
- joint capsule- non-contractile tissue
- tendon - non-contractile attach muscle to bone (strain)
- ligament - non-contractile attach bone to bone (sprain)
- cartilage - fibrocartilage - thick cartilage inside joint
hyaline cartilate- thin cartilage inside all diarthroid joints; lines the bones - bursae
- retinaculum- non-contractile binds down tendons of mucles
layers of bone (3)
- periosteum
- cortical (compact)
- cancelleous (spongy)
osteoblast/ osteclast (2 def)
osteoblast- cells that make bone
osteclast- cells that break down bone
functions of bone (3)
- produce RBC
- protection for organs (skull)
- storage for Ca
function of muscle (3)
- movement
- heat
- posture
Composition of skeletal muscle (4 layers/coverings)
- muscle fiber covered by
- fascicle covered by
- perimysium covered by
- epimysium
motor unit
- all the muscle fibers that are innervated by the axon from one anterior horn cell
muscle fiber type I (4)
- slow twitch
- less tension/ last longer (fatigue resistance)
- need O2
- keep us up against gravity
mucle fiber type IIB (2)
- fast twitch, fast fatigue (dont stay turned on long)
2. use glycogen
muscle fiber IIA (2)
- fast twitch, slow fatigue
2. use glycogen and O2
phasic muscle (2)
- fast twitch (turn on and off)
2. more superficial muscle fibers
Tonic muscle fibers
- slow interval, stabilizing muscle
muscle fiber orientation (2)
- longitudinal (fusiform)- long fibers that run parallel too long axis of muscle
better for joint excursion (ROM) - Pennate- a tendon with fibers coming off obliquely- more fibers, contract stronger, better for tension
unipennate - thumb
bipennate- rec fem
role of muscles (5)
- agonist- primary mover
- antagonist- muscle opposing agonist
- synergist- muscles moving together to do movement
- spurt muscles- designed for mobility
origin far from joint; distal attachment close to joint - shunt muscle- designed for stability
origin close to joint; distal attachment far from joint
bicep= spurt at elbow, shunt at shoulder
multi-joint muscles lengths (3)
- resting length- optimal length
- acting insufficiency- simultaneous shortening over all joints
eg- movement of muscle
3 passive insufficiency- simultaneous lengthening over all joints
eg- stretching the mucles
contraction classification (3 and eg)
- isometric- length of muscle doesn’t change
eg- holding arm up against gravity - concentric- muscle shortens generally against gravity or a force (ie theraband)
- eccentric- muscles lengthen into gravity or a force
kinematic chains (2)
- open- distal extremity freely moving in space
eg- sitting and raising lower limb - closed- distal extremity fixed
eg- squats
Kinematic description of movement
Movement speed and limb position