Basic Tissues - Lecture 4

Question 1

What are the four basic tissue types?

Answer 1

○ Epithelia
○ Connective Tissue
○ Muscle Tissue
○ Nervous Tissue

Question 2

Main functions of the epithelial tissue?

Answer 2

○ Covers surfaces
○ Lines cavities and tubes
○ Forms glands

Question 3

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

Answer 3

○ Attached to a basement membrane
○ Avascular (no blood vessels)
○ Capable of regeneration
○ Has polarity (apical and basal sides)

Question 4

Describe simple squamous epithelium; include its function and location

Answer 4

○ Description: Flat cells, one layer
○ Function: Exchange of nutrients and gases
○ Location: Blood vessels, alveoli

Question 5

Describe keratinised stratified squamous epithelium; include its function and location

Answer 5

○ Description: Flat surface cells, many layers, contains keratin
○ Function: Protection, waterproof barrier
○ Location: Skin

Question 6

Describe non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium; include its function and location

Answer 6

○ Description: Flat surface cells, many layers, no keratin
○ Function: Protection, barrier
○ Location: Oral cavity, oesophagus

Question 7

Describe simple cuboidal epithelium; include its function and location

Answer 7

○ Description: Square cells, one layer
○ Function: Secretion and Absorption
○ Location: Glands, kidney tubles

Question 8

Describe simple columnar epithelium; include its function and location

Answer 8

○ Description: Tall cells, one layer
○ Function: Absorption and secretion
○ Location: Gastrointestinal tract

Question 9

Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells; include its function and location

Answer 9

○ Description: Appears layered, but all cells touch basement membrane, contains cilia and goblet cells
○ Function: Mucociliary escalator
○ Location: Trachea and large respiratory airways

Question 10

What are desmosomes?

Answer 10

○ Very strong connections between adjacent cells
○ Resist stretching and twisting

Question 11

What are tight junctions?

Answer 11

○ Interlocking proteins tightly bind cells together near the apical edge
○ Prevent the passage of water and solutes between cells (e.g., in the digestive tract)

Question 12

What are gap junctions?

Answer 12

○ Cells are held together by interlocking membrane proteins containing a central pore
○ Allow the movement of small molecules and ions between cells

Question 13

What are hemidesmosomes?

Answer 13

○ Attach cells to the basement membrane
○ Stabilise the position and anchor cells

Question 14

Functions of connective tissue

Answer 14

○ Forms a structural framework
○ Supports, surrounds, and interconnects other tissues
○ Protects delicate organs
○ Transports fluids and materials
○ Stores energy
○ Defends against microorganisms

Question 15

Main components of connective tissue

Answer 15

○ Cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells)
○ Extracellular matrix (ground substance, tissue fluid, fibres)

Question 16

What are the two main classifications of connective tissue?

Answer 16

○ Specialised (blood, bone, cartilage)
○ Connective tissue proper (loose or dense)

Question 17

Describe loose (areolar) connective tissue; include its components and location

Answer 17

○ Description: Lots of ground substance, few fibres, variety of cells
○ Location: Under the epithelium

Question 18

Describe dense irregular connective tissue; include its components and location

Answer 18

○ Description: Little ground substance, many haphazard collagen fibres, few cells
○ Location: Dermis

Question 19

Describe dense regular connective tissue; include its components and location

Answer 19

○ Description: Little ground substance, many parallel collagen fibres, few cells
○ Location: Tendons and ligaments

Question 20

Describe skeletal muscle; include its function and innervation

Answer 20

○ Description: Long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleated
○ Function: Moves and stabilises the skeleton, forms sphincters, respiration
○ Innervation: Somatic nervous system

Question 21

Describe smooth muscle; include its function and innervation

Answer 21

○ Description: Short, fusiform, non-striated, single nucleus
○ Function: Gastrointestinal movement, alters diameter of airways and blood vessels
○ Innervation: Autonomic nervous system

Question 22

Describe cardiac muscle; include its function and innervation

Answer 22

○ Description: Branched, striated, 1-2 central nuclei, intercalated discs
○ Function: Circulates blood, maintains blood pressure
○ Innervation: Autonomic nervous system