Basic Science Concepts - Chapter 2

Question 1

Substrate

Answer 1

A substance that creates a signal or produces an effect by binding to a receptor, enzyme, or transporter

Question 2

Endogenous

Answer 2

A substance that is produced by the body

Question 3

Exogenous

Answer 3

A substance that is produced outside of the body

Question 4

Agonist

Answer 4

A substance that combines with a receptor to initiate a reaction

Question 5

Antagonist

Answer 5

A substance that combines with a receptor to block or reduce a reaction

Question 6

Induction

Answer 6

When a substance increases the activity of an enzyme

Question 7

Inhibition

Answer 7

When a substance decreases the activity of an enzyme

Question 8

Central Nervous System

Answer 8

The brain and the spinal cord

Question 9

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 9

The rest of the body - receives signals from the CNS

Question 10

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 10

Voluntary muscle movements

Question 11

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 11

Bodily functions - digestion, cardiac output, and blood pressure

Question 12

What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the somatic nervous system?

Answer 12

Acetylcholine

Question 13

Neurotransmitters

Answer 13

The body’s chemical messengers

Question 14

Which receptors does acetylcholine bind to?

Answer 14

Nicotinic receptors in the skeletal muscles

Question 15

The autonomic nervous system breaks down further into the

Answer 15

Parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system

Question 16

The parasympathetic nervous system is known as the

Answer 16

Rest and digest system

Question 17

The sympathetic nervous system is known as the

Answer 17

Fight or flight system

Question 18

What neurotransmitter is released by the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 18

Acetylcholine

Question 19

What are the physiological responses of the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 19

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
Digestion

Question 20

What neurotransmitters are released by the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 20

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

Question 21

What receptor does Epinephrine bind to?

Answer 21

Adrenergic receptors

Question 22

What are the adrenergic receptors?

Answer 22

Alpha-1
Beta-1
Beta-2

Question 23

Where are the adrenergic receptors located?

Answer 23

Cardiovascular system
Respiratory system

Question 24

What are the physiological responses to sympathetic nervous system activation

Answer 24

Increased BP
Increased HR
Bronchodilation
Anti-cholinergic effects

Question 25

Competitive Inhibition

Answer 25

Antagonist binds to the same active site as an endogenous substrate, which prevents the endogenous substrate from binding to the active site, which causes a reaction

Question 26

Non-Competitive Inhibition

Answer 26

The antagonist binds to a receptor other than the active site, which causes a change in shape of the active site. This prevents the endogenous substrate from binding to the active site

Question 27

Allosteric Site

Answer 27

A site other than the active site on the receptor

Question 28

True or False: Drugs can act as agonists or antagonists

Answer 28

True

Question 29

True or False: Drugs can only act at one receptor

Answer 29

False - multiple receptors can be affected

Question 30

Isoproterenol - receptors

Answer 30

Mixed beta-1 and beta-2 agonist

Question 31

Carvediolol - receptors

Answer 31

Alpha-1 antagonist Beta-1 antagonist Beta-2 antagonist

Question 32

Clonidine - receptors

Answer 32

Centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

Question 33

Clonidine - affects

Answer 33

Decrease in overall sympathetic output

Question 34

What substrate acts on the muscarinic receptors?

Answer 34

Acetylcholine

Question 35

What substrate acts on the Nicotinic receptors?

Answer 35

Acetylcholine

Question 36

What substrate acts on the Alpha-1 receptors

Answer 36

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Question 37

Where are the Alpha-1 receptors located

Answer 37

in the peripheral

Question 38

What substrate acts on the Alpha-2 receptors?

Answer 38

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Question 39

What substrate acts on the Beta-1?

Answer 39

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Question 40

Where are beta-1 receptors located?

Answer 40

In the heart

Question 41

What substrate acts on the Beta-2?

Answer 41

Epinephrine

Question 42

Where are beta-2 receptors located?

Answer 42

In the lungs

Question 43

What substrate acts on the dopamine receptors?

Answer 43

Dopamine

Question 44

What substrate acts on the serotonin receptors?

Answer 44

Serotonin

Question 45

Drug agonist of the muscarinic receptor examples

Answer 45

Pilocarpine Bethanechol

Question 46

Drug antagonist at the muscarinic receptors examples

Answer 46

Atropine Oxybutynin

Question 47

Agonist action at the muscarinic receptors

Answer 47

Increase in SLUDD

Question 48

Antagonist action at the muscarinic receptors

Answer 48

Decrease in SLUDD

Question 49

Drug agonist of the nicotinic receptor examples

Answer 49

Nicotine

Question 50

Drug antagonist of the nicotinic receptor examples

Answer 50

Rocuronium Neuromuscular blockers

Question 51

Agonist action at the nicotinic receptor

Answer 51

Increased HR Increased BP

Question 52

Antagonist action at the nicotinic receptor

Answer 52

Neuromuscular blockade

Question 53

Drug agonist at the Alpha-1 receptor example

Answer 53

Phenylephrine Dopamine

Question 54

Drug antagonist at the Alpha-1 receptor example

Answer 54

Doxazosin Carvediolol Phentolamine

Question 55

Agonist action at the alpha-1 receptors

Answer 55

Smooth muscle vasoconstriction Increased BP

Question 56

Antagonist action at the alpha-1 receptor

Answer 56

Smooth muscle vasodilation Decreased BP

Question 57

Drug agonist at the alpha-2 receptor

Answer 57

Clonidine Brimonidine

Question 58

Drug antagonist at the Alpha-2 receptor

Answer 58

Ergot alkaloids Yohimbine

Question 59

Agonist action at the alpha-2 receptors

Answer 59

Decrease the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine Decrease BP and HR

Question 60

Antagonist action at the alpha-2 receptors

Answer 60

Increase BP and HR